scholarly journals The Panama Canal and International Trade Competition.

1915 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 626
Author(s):  
W. T. S. ◽  
Lincoln Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
Trade Competition

scholarly journals The Panama Canal and International Trade Competition.

1916 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Roscoe R. Hill ◽  
Lincoln Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
Trade Competition

scholarly journals The Panama Canal and International Trade Competition.

1915 ◽  
Vol 25 (99) ◽  
pp. 424
Author(s):  
A. W. Kirkaldy ◽  
Lincoln Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
Trade Competition

scholarly journals Trade Competition Measurement and the Choice of Measurement Indexes

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Iulia Monica Dumitrescu ◽  
Nuno Crespo ◽  
Nadia Simões
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
The World ◽  
Consequent Increase ◽  
Degree Of Similarity ◽  
Empirical Contribution ◽  
Trade Competition

Abstract The aim of this paper is to bring a methodological and empirical contribution to the measurement of trade competition. Globalization and the emergence of new poles in the world economy brought changes to the global landscape and consequent increase in international trade. There is a debate in the literature with regard the indexes that are better fit to be applied in empirical examples for the acquirement of relevant results for measurement of trade competition. This measurement will be achieved by observing the levels of structural similarity in distinct areas and at different moments in time. A higher degree of similarity between the export structures implies a stronger competition in destination markets. The values obtained for this measurement are highly relevant for the trade competition topic. Through this study we further explore the measurement of trade competition and comparatively discuss several indexes used in this area of research.

Richness and distribution of tropical oyster parasites in two oceans

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (9) ◽  
pp. 1119-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATRINA M. PAGENKOPP LOHAN ◽  
KRISTINA M. HILL-SPANIK ◽  
MARK E. TORCHIN ◽  
LEOPOLDINA AGUIRRE-MACEDO ◽  
ROBERT C. FLEISCHER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
Perkinsus Marinus ◽  
Parasite Diversity ◽  
Molecular Screening ◽  
Bocas Del Toro ◽  
Marine Systems ◽  
Parasite Richness ◽  
Ecosystem Level

SUMMARYParasites can exert strong effects on population to ecosystem level processes, but data on parasites are limited for many global regions, especially tropical marine systems. Characterizing parasite diversity and distributions are the first steps towards understanding the potential impacts of parasites. The Panama Canal serves as an interesting location to examine tropical parasite diversity and distribution, as it is a conduit between two oceans and a hub for international trade. We examined metazoan and protistan parasites associated with ten oyster species collected from both Panamanian coasts, including the Panama Canal and Bocas del Toro. We found multiple metazoan taxa (pea crabs, Stylochus spp., Urastoma cyrinae). Our molecular screening for protistan parasites detected four species of Perkinsus (Perkinsus marinus, Perkinsus chesapeaki, Perkinsus olseni, Perkinsus beihaiensis) and several haplosporidians, including two genera (Minchinia, Haplosporidium). Species richness was higher for the protistan parasites than for the metazoans, with haplosporidian richness being higher than Perkinsus richness. Perkinsus species were the most frequently detected and most geographically widespread among parasite groups. Parasite richness and overlap differed between regions, locations and oyster hosts. These results have important implications for tropical parasite richness and the dispersal of parasites due to shipping associated with the Panama Canal.

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