Richness and distribution of tropical oyster parasites in two oceans

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (9) ◽  
pp. 1119-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATRINA M. PAGENKOPP LOHAN ◽  
KRISTINA M. HILL-SPANIK ◽  
MARK E. TORCHIN ◽  
LEOPOLDINA AGUIRRE-MACEDO ◽  
ROBERT C. FLEISCHER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
Perkinsus Marinus ◽  
Parasite Diversity ◽  
Molecular Screening ◽  
Bocas Del Toro ◽  
Marine Systems ◽  
Parasite Richness ◽  
Ecosystem Level

SUMMARYParasites can exert strong effects on population to ecosystem level processes, but data on parasites are limited for many global regions, especially tropical marine systems. Characterizing parasite diversity and distributions are the first steps towards understanding the potential impacts of parasites. The Panama Canal serves as an interesting location to examine tropical parasite diversity and distribution, as it is a conduit between two oceans and a hub for international trade. We examined metazoan and protistan parasites associated with ten oyster species collected from both Panamanian coasts, including the Panama Canal and Bocas del Toro. We found multiple metazoan taxa (pea crabs, Stylochus spp., Urastoma cyrinae). Our molecular screening for protistan parasites detected four species of Perkinsus (Perkinsus marinus, Perkinsus chesapeaki, Perkinsus olseni, Perkinsus beihaiensis) and several haplosporidians, including two genera (Minchinia, Haplosporidium). Species richness was higher for the protistan parasites than for the metazoans, with haplosporidian richness being higher than Perkinsus richness. Perkinsus species were the most frequently detected and most geographically widespread among parasite groups. Parasite richness and overlap differed between regions, locations and oyster hosts. These results have important implications for tropical parasite richness and the dispersal of parasites due to shipping associated with the Panama Canal.

scholarly journals Parasite diversity and ecology in a model species, the guppy ( Poecilia reticulata ) in Trinidad

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 191112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan S. Mohammed ◽  
Stanley D. King ◽  
Paul Bentzen ◽  
David Marcogliese ◽  
Cock van Oosterhout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
New Records ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Parasite Diversity ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Parasite Richness

The guppy ( Poecilia reticulata ) is a model species in ecology and evolution. Many studies have examined effects of predators on guppy behaviour, reproduction, survival strategies, feeding and other life-history traits, but few have studied variation in their parasite diversity. We surveyed parasites of 18 Trinidadian populations of guppy, to provide insight on the geographical mosaic of parasite variability, which may act as a source of natural selection acting on guppies. We found 21 parasite species, including five new records for Trinidad. Spatial variation in parasite diversity was significantly higher than that of piscine predators, and significant variation in parasite richness among individuals and populations was correlated with: (i) host size, (ii) snail species richness, and (iii) the distance between populations. Differences in parasite species richness are likely to play an important, yet underestimated role in the biology of this model species of vertebrate ecology and evolution.

scholarly journals Biodiversity loss decreases parasite diversity: theory and patterns

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1604) ◽  
pp. 2814-2827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Lafferty
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Food Web ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Parasite Diversity ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Parasite Richness ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Food Web Complexity ◽  
The Relationship

Past models have suggested host–parasite coextinction could lead to linear, or concave down relationships between free-living species richness and parasite richness. I explored several models for the relationship between parasite richness and biodiversity loss. Life cycle complexity, low generality of parasites and sensitivity of hosts reduced the robustness of parasite species to the loss of free-living species diversity. Food-web complexity and the ordering of extinctions altered these relationships in unpredictable ways. Each disassembly of a food web resulted in a unique relationship between parasite richness and the richness of free-living species, because the extinction trajectory of parasites was sensitive to the order of extinctions of free-living species. However, the average of many disassemblies tended to approximate an analytical model. Parasites of specialist hosts and hosts higher on food chains were more likely to go extinct in food-web models. Furthermore, correlated extinctions between hosts and parasites (e.g. if parasites share a host with a specialist predator) led to steeper declines in parasite richness with biodiversity loss. In empirical food webs with random removals of free-living species, the relationship between free-living species richness and parasite richness was, on average, quasi-linear, suggesting biodiversity loss reduces parasite diversity more than previously thought.

scholarly journals Stand age and species richness dampen interannual variation of ecosystem-level photosynthetic capacity

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Talie Musavi ◽  
Mirco Migliavacca ◽  
Markus Reichstein ◽  
Jens Kattge ◽  
Christian Wirth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Interannual Variation ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Ecosystem Level

Parasite diversity and microsatellite variability in native and introduced populations of four Neogobius species (Gobiidae)

Parasitology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 139 (11) ◽  
pp. 1493-1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. ONDRAČKOVÁ ◽  
A. ŠIMKOVÁ ◽  
K. CIVÁŇOVÁ ◽  
M. VYSKOČILOVÁ ◽  
P. JURAJDA
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
River System ◽  
Parasite Fauna ◽  
Source Population ◽  
Parasite Diversity ◽  
Parasite Species Richness ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Microsatellite Diversity

SUMMARYSpecies introduced into new areas often show a reduction in parasite and genetic diversity associated to the limited number of founding individuals. In this study, we compared microsatellite and parasite diversity in both native (lower Danube) and introduced populations of 4 Ponto-Caspian gobies, including those (1) introduced from within the same river system (middle Danube; Neogobius kessleri and N. melanostomus), and (2) introduced from a different river system (River Vistula; N. fluviatilis and N. gymnotrachelus). Microsatellite data confirmed the lower Danube as a source population for gobies introduced into the middle Danube. Both native and introduced (same river system) populations of N. kessleri and N. melanostomus had comparable parasite species richness and microsatellite diversity, possibly due to multiple and/or continual migration/introduction of new individuals and the acquisition of local parasites. Reduced parasite species richness and microsatellite diversity were observed in introduced (different river system) populations in the Vistula. A low number of colonists found for N. fluviatilis and N. gymnotrachelus in the Vistula potentially resulted in reduced introduction of parasite species. Insufficient adaptation of the introduced host to local parasite fauna, together with introduction into an historically different drainage system, may also have contributed to the reduced parasite fauna.

scholarly journals An evaluation of semi-automated methods for collecting ecosystem-level data in temperate marine systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
pp. 4640-4650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kingsley J. Griffin ◽  
Luke H. Hedge ◽  
Manuel González-Rivero ◽  
Ove I. Hoegh-Guldberg ◽  
Emma L. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Marine Systems ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
Automated Methods

Incorporating parasite systematics in comparative analyses of variation in spleen mass and testes sizes of rodents

Parasitology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 138 (13) ◽  
pp. 1804-1814 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICOLAS PONLET ◽  
KITIPONG CHAISIRI ◽  
JULIEN CLAUDE ◽  
SERGE MORAND
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Parasite Community ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Parasite Diversity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminths ◽  
Testes Size ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Specific Species ◽  
Spleen Mass

SUMMARYParasite diversity is hypothesized to act on host life-history traits through investment in immunity. In order to incorporate the diversity of the parasite community that an individual host or a host species may face, two indices can be used: Taxonomic Species Richness and Taxonomic Entropy, where the taxonomic information is incorporated with the taxonomic weight. We tested whether these indices correlate with several morphological traits potentially implicated in immune defence and in reproduction, using data on gastrointestinal helminths and their rodent hosts sampled in Southeast Asia. We found no relationship between parasite diversity indices and either spleen mass or testes size at the intraspecific level, i.e. at the level of individuals. At the interspecific level, we found no relationship between the parasite diversity indices and testes size. However, we found that female spleen mass is significantly influenced by the specific species richness of parasites, whereas male spleen mass is influenced by individual mean parasite diversity indices. We concluded that female spleen mass may have evolved in response to gastrointestinal helminth pressure acting at species levels, while in males, the individual spleen mass could be constrained by other factors, such as the blood storage function of the spleen.

Metazoan parasite species richness in Neotropical fishes: hotspots and the geography of biodiversity

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 865-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. LUQUE ◽  
R. POULIN
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Parasite Diversity ◽  
Parasite Species Richness ◽  
Metazoan Parasite ◽  
Host Body ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Host Associations

SUMMARYAlthough research on parasite biodiversity has intensified recently, there are signs that parasites remain an underestimated component of total biodiversity in many regions of the planet. To identify geographical hotspots of parasite diversity, we performed qualitative and quantitative analyses of the parasite-host associations in fishes from Latin America and the Caribbean, a region that includes known hotspots of plant and animal biodiversity. The database included 10 904 metazoan parasite-host associations involving 1660 fish species. The number of host species with at least 1 parasite record was less than 10% of the total known fish species in the majority of countries. Associations involving adult endoparasites in actinopterygian fish hosts dominated the database. Across the whole region, no significant difference in parasite species richness was detected between marine and freshwater fishes. As a rule, host body size and study effort (number of studies per fish species) were good predictors of parasite species richness. Some interesting patterns emerged when we included only the regions with highest fish species biodiversity and study effort (Brasil, Mexico and the Caribbean Islands). Independently of differences in study effort or host body sizes, Mexico stands out as a hotspot of parasite diversity for freshwater fishes, as does Brasil for marine fishes. However, among 57 marine fish species common to all 3 regions, populations from the Caribbean consistently harboured more parasite species. These differences may reflect true biological patterns, or regional discrepancies in study effort and local priorities for fish parasitology research.

scholarly journals Stratigraphic Lexicon: The Onshore Cenozoic Sedimentary Formations of The Republic of Panama

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques LeBlanc
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
Bocas Del Toro ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Petroleum Companies ◽  
Cenozoic Era ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Geological Units

The stratigraphic knowledge of Panama was, until now, spread over hundreds of scientific/geologic publications written during the past 120 years. The construction of the Panama Canal during the early twentieth century helped galvanizing the engineering and geological disciplines to understand the tectonic, sedimentation and biodiversity of the Cenozoic Era in this part of the world. Later, few petroleum companies arrived on the scene and contributed to our knowledge of the sub-surface. The past thirty years saw a surge of studies by many institutions in areas away from the Canal, such as in Darien, Azuero Peninsula, Bocas del Toro, and the Burica Peninsula near the Costa Rica Border. Our most recent knowledge came from the widening of the Panama Canal between 2007 and 2016. It is from all these older and recent studies that the present Lexicon draws its content. It provides the historical background of all described geological units in Panama and summarizes the lithological and paleontological knowledge of each units in an easy-to-search format.

scholarly journals Metrics matter: the effect of parasite richness, intensity and prevalence on the evolution of host migration

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1891) ◽  
pp. 20182147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison K. Shaw ◽  
Julie Sherman ◽  
F. Keith Barker ◽  
Marlene Zuk
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Fish Parasite ◽  
Parasite Diversity ◽  
Parasite Richness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Evolution Of Migration

Parasites have long been thought to influence the evolution of migration, but precisely determining the conditions under which this occurs by quantifying costs of infection remains a challenge. Here we developed a model that demonstrates how the metric used to describe infection (richness/diversity, prevalence or intensity) shapes the prediction of whether migration will evolve. The model shows that predictions based on minimizing richness yield opposite results compared to those based on minimizing prevalence, with migration only selected for when minimizing prevalence. Consistent with these findings, empirical studies that measure parasite diversity typically find that migrants are worse off than residents, while those measuring prevalence or intensity find the opposite. Our own empirical analysis of fish parasite data finds that migrants (of all types) have higher parasite richness than residents, but with no significant difference in either prevalence or intensity.

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