Antebellum ruling classes debated the role and relationships of states, commerce, industry, and slavery surrounding gaslight. For boosters in New Orleans and other Southern cities industrial slavery was the sine qua non of their gaslit modernity. For Northern industrial heralds, it was the automation and absence (or invisibility) of labor that made gaslight systems at once so attractive and so contentious. But it was in the spaces of production that slavery, freedom, and industry were most violently configured. Frontiers of bituminous (gas) coal accumulation multiplied deep underground, and in the eastern seaboard, that meant Richmond mines. There, planters and industrial slaveholders used slave life insurance policies and safety lamps to recruit and compel mixed armies of slaves and wage laborers to work ever-more dangerous coal mines, while all struggled to assert some control over this antebellum empire of light and energy. When it came to light, the arrow of change in the antebellum United States seemed to point towards an increasing role for slavery within processes of industrial capitalism rather than its displacement by free labor regimes. Looking at the production and consumption of gas coals changes how we must think of the making of the “modern” or “liberal” city.