Intensive risk factor management and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: the ACCORD Trial

<b>Objectives: </b>The effects of preventive interventions on cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) remain unclear. We examined the effect of intensively treating traditional risk factors for CAN, including hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, in persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and high cardiovascular risk participating in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. <p><b>Research Design and Methods: </b>CAN was defined as heart rate variability indices below the 5^th percentile of the normal distribution. Of 10,250 ACCORD participants, 71% (n=7,275) had a CAN evaluation at study entry and at least once after randomization. The effects of intensive interventions on CAN were analyzed among these subjects through generalized linear mixed models. </p> <p><b>Results: </b>As compared to standard intervention, intensive glucose treatment reduced CAN risk by 16% (OR=0.84, 95%CI 0.75–0.94, p=0.003) – an effect driven by individuals without cardiovascular disease (CVD) at baseline (OR= 0.73, 95%CI 0.63–0.85, p<0.0001) rather than those with CVD (OR=1.10, 95%CI 0.91–1.34, p=0.34) (p for interaction=0.001). Intensive blood pressure intervention decreased CAN risk by 25% (OR=0.75, 95% CI 0.63–0.89, p=0.001), especially in patients ≥65 years old (OR=0.66, 95% CI 0.49–0.88, p=0.005) (p for interaction =0.05). Fenofibrate did not have a significant effect on CAN (OR=0.91, 95%CI 0.78–1.07, p=0.26). </p> <p><b>Conclusions: </b> These data confirm a beneficial effect of intensive glycemic therapy and demonstrate, for the first time, a similar benefit of intensive blood pressure control on CAN in T2D. A negative CVD history identifies T2D patients who especially benefit from intensive glycemic control for CAN prevention. </p>