Dynamic Loads and Different Soil Characteristics Examination on Optimum Design of Cantilever Retaining Walls Utilizing Harmony Search Algorithm

Methodologies based on metaheuristic algorithms such as particle swarm optimization, harmony search algorithm, and teaching-learning-based optimization are proposed for optimum design of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls. The objective function of optimization is to find a design providing minimum cost, including material and construction costs. For this purpose, the best combination of 11 design variables (heel and toe projections, stem thickness at the top and bottom of a wall, slab thickness and rebar diameters, and spacing between the bars) that satisfy 29 design constraints including stability (overturning, sliding, and bearing) and reinforced concrete design of the wall are searched during the optimization process. The rules of ACI 318 14 (building code requirements for structural concrete) are used for the reinforced concrete design. In order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of algorithms, several different cases are investigated. As conclusions, some suggestions have been obtained that will lead to future work in this field.

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Optimum design of steel sway frames to BS5950 using harmony search algorithm

Journal of Constructional Steel Research ◽

10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.02.005 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 36-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 104

Author(s):

M.P. Saka

Keyword(s):

Optimum Design ◽

Search Algorithm ◽

Harmony Search ◽

Harmony Search Algorithm ◽

Sway Frames

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Optimal Design of Cantilever Soldier Pile Retaining Walls Embedded in Frictional Soils with Harmony Search Algorithm

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10093232 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 3232 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Gebrail Bekdaş ◽

Zülal Akbay Arama ◽

Aylin Ece Kayabekir ◽

Zong Woo Geem

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Search Algorithm ◽

Harmony Search ◽

Retaining Walls ◽

Harmony Search Algorithm ◽

External Loading ◽

Soil Reaction ◽

Embedment Depth ◽

Soldier Pile ◽

Frictional Soils

In this paper, the design of cantilever soldier pile retaining walls embedded in frictional soils is investigated within the insight of an optimization algorithm to acquire cost and dimension equilibrium by ensuring both geotechnical and structural requirements simultaneously. Multivariate parametric analyses with different fictionalized cases are performed to evaluate the effects of design variants and to compare the effectiveness of the preference of optimization solutions rather than detailed advanced modeling software. The harmony search algorithm is used to conduct parametrical analyses to take into consideration the effects of the change of excavation depth, shear strength angle, and unit weight of soil, external loading condition, and coefficient of soil reaction. The embedment depth and diameter of the soldier pile are searched as design dimensions, and the total cost of a cantilever soldier pile wall is calculated as an objective function. The design dimension results of the parametric optimization analysis are used to perform finite element analysis with a well-known commercial geotechnical analysis software. The results of optimization and finite element solutions are compared with the use of maximum bending moment, factor of safety, and pivot point location values. As the consequence of the study, the influence rates of design variants are procured, and the effectiveness of the usage of optimization algorithms for both cost and dimensional equilibrium is presented.

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