One of the most fundamental effects used to investigate number representations is the Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect showing that responses to small/large numbers are faster with the left/right hand, respectively. However, in recent years, it is hotly debated whether the SNARC effect is based upon cardinal representation of number magnitude or ordinal representation of number sequence in working memory. However, one problem is that evidence comes from different paradigms, e.g., evidence for ordinal sequences comes usually from experiments, where ordinal sequences have to be learnt and it has been ar-gued that this secondary task triggers the effect. Therefore, in this preregistered study we em-ployed a SNARC task, without secondary ordinal sequence learning, in which we can dissociate ordinal and magnitude accounts by careful manipulation of experimental stimulus sets and com-pare magnitude and ordinal models. The results indicate that even though the observed data is better accounted for by the magnitude model, the ordinal position seems to matter as well. Thus, it appears that the mechanisms described by both accounts play a significant role when mental numbers are temporarily mapped onto space even when no ordinal learning is involved.
Retrieval of a well-established skill is resistant to distraction: Evidence from an implicit probabilistic sequence learning task