scholarly journals Des meules neuves pour un pain meilleur? Un forgeron perpignanais et son commerce de meules, 1410-1422

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-69
Author(s):  
Aymat Catafau
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Mots Clés ◽  
Commercial System ◽  
The North ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
North Side

Resumen: Joan Bastard était un forgeron établi à Perpignan au début du xve siècle. Toutefois, il semble avoir été avant tout un marchand de meules. Entre 1410 et 1422, il vendit en effet plus de 100 meules en Roussillon, Vallespir et Bas-Conflent. Les documents notariés relatifs à ce commerce sont d’une qualité exceptionnelle. Ils permettent non seulement d’étudier un système commercial particulier mais aussi de mieux connaître les meules en usage sur le versant septentrional des Pyrénées Orientales. Joan Bastard vendait ses meules à crédit. Il offrait principalement des meules importées, taillées dans de la « pierre de Montjuïc », un grès qui rendait possible l’obtention d’une farine plus fine que celles obtenues avec les meules de grès ou de granites locaux. Mots-clés: meules, grès (pierre), commerce, Roussillon médiéval, farine, xve siècle.   Abstract: Joan Bastard was a blacksmith established in Perpignan in the early 15th century. Nevertheless, he seems to have developed his main professional activity as a millstone trader. Between 1410 and 1422, he sold more than 100 millstones in Roussillon, Vallespir and Bas-Conflent. Notarized documents related with this trade are of an exceptional quality. They allow not only to study a particular commercial system but also to know the millstone in use in the north side of Oriental Pyrenees. Joan Bastard sold his millstones at credit. He offered almost imported millstones of “Montjuïc stone”, a sandstone that made possible to obtain a flour finer than ones produced using millstones of local sandstone and granites. Key words: millstone, sandstone, trade, medieval Roussillon, flour, 15th century.

A Radiocarbon-dated Collared Urn from Oban

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER LOWE ◽  
ANN MacSWEEN ◽  
KATHLEEN McSWEENEY
Keyword(s):  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
Funerary Ritual

A collared urn was found during the course of a watching-brief on the raised beach on the north side of Oban bay. Post-excavation analysis has succeeded in throwing some further light on the chronology of this type of urn and possibly on some elements of the funerary ritual associated with its burial. The same watching-brief also revealed the site of a truncated pit of medieval date, filled with fire-cracked stones.

Effect of the principle of proportionality in deciding whether to dismiss from position of judge

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-57
Author(s):  
Olga Yavorska
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Judicial Power ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Special Place ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Legal Sanctions ◽  
Principle Of Proportionality ◽  
Judicial Protection

The article deals with violations, which are often grounds for bringing disciplinary liability of judges, as well as the enforcement of them in the form of a petition for the dismissal from position of judge. A special place in the system of legal responsibility of a judge is taken by the institute of disciplinary responsibility, the essence of which lies in the possibility of applying by a specially authorized body to an individual bearer of judicial power - judges of legal sanctions, directly provided by law, for violations in the sphere of professional activity. The institute of disciplinary responsibility is considered, the purpose of which is to solve social problems in the interests of implementing and maintaining the necessary level of efficiency of the system of judicial protection as a necessary guarantee of the protection of rights, interests and freedoms of people. The analysis of grounds for disciplinary liability of a judge and types of disciplinary punishment has been carried out. The obligatory signs of disciplinary violations that are the cause of prosecution are analyzed. It is considered about the application of the principle of proportionality to disciplinary authorities in determining the type of collection. The practice of applying the principle of proportionality of disciplinary organs in case of imposition of penalties and violation of the question of ambiguity of such practice is analyzed. The article states that with qualitatively similar offenses committed by different judges, the disciplinary bodies chose one type of collection, but in different proportions. The method of determining the principle of proportionality in differentiating the choice of terms in this type of collection for actually such mistakes seems unclear. Moreover, the use of the same principle in choosing different types of charges for virtually identical disciplinary offenses is unclear, in particular, when the repeat offense is a feature. Key words: disciplinary responsibility of a judge, principle of proportionality, disciplinary offenses, penalties, dismissal from position of judge.

Influence of Pumps on Salinity of a Coastal Aquifer with Legal Protection (A Zone in the North of Isla Cristina, Huelva, Spain)

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 251-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. González ◽  
E. Romero
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Aquifer ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Hydraulic Gradient ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Residual Flow ◽  
Legal Requirements ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
Rational Distribution

In this article we show that the legal measures for protection of aquifers are not enough to lessen the pumping if the users are not associated and determined to have a rational distribution of water. The expansive agriculture on the North side of Isla Cristina (Huelva, Spain), based on citrus and strawberry growing, uses high volumes of groundwater that comes from a tertiary age detritic coastal aquifer with a significant lack of resources. This causes a decrease of the residual flow to the sea, deep pumpcones, and an inversion of the hydraulic gradient, which initiates the progressive salinization of the aquifer northwards, in the sense that the fresh-salt water mixture zone is moving. The problem is worsening because the number of uncontrolled pump-works in the areais increasing. This problem could be alleviated if a Users Community for the whole aquifer were created, itself to watch over the fulfilment of the legal requirements and to regulate the water extractions.

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