scholarly journals The Evolving Structure of Civil Society and the State in Pakistan

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4II) ◽  
pp. 743-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Qadeer
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
The State ◽  
Intermediate Level ◽  
Special Interest Groups ◽  
Three Phases

The 'Civil Society' is the newest factor in the development equation, and the strengthening of civil society is• the latest addition to the agenda of development. This emphasis necessitates a probe into the structure of Pakistan's civil society. The civil society in Pakistan-or anywhere else-has both the traditional and modern components. It is made up of institutions and organisations that stand between the state and the individuals as well as communities. They regulate the collective life at the intermediate level and act as mobilisers of people's opinions and actions. Pakistan's civil society is not entirely constituted by NGOs and special interest groups. It has Beradaris, bazaar associations, and NGOs. The .paper offers two conclusions: (I) Pakistans civil society has evolved through three phases .and is divided in the traditional. and modern tracks. In recent times, it has fractured along ethnic and sectarian lines and the denominational interests have come to dominate. (2) The state and the civil society evolve in tandem. Without an effective state, there can not be a strong and democratic civil society.

The Causes of the Greek Debt Problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-28
Author(s):  
George S. Atsalakis ◽  
Emilios Galariotis ◽  
Constantin Zopounidis
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Interest Groups ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Expenditure Rate ◽  
Short And Long Term

In Greece, special interest groups were the main drivers of pressure to increase public spending and, by extension, to increase public debt to cover the expenditure by blocking any effort of prudent governance. They were so greedy, that when the funds of public vaults were not sufficient to meet their expectations, they exerted pressures or even extorted the state to engage in public borrowing so as to accrue even greater funds, disregarding the short- and long-term cost of such actions for the state and society. As a result, a vicious circle led to Greek public over-indebtedness in order to support public overspending. It is indicative that the Greek state's primary expenditure rate increased between 2000 and 2009 by 135%. In other words, the citizens were obliged to pay taxes that would support two states: the expenses' level the state had until 2000 and the costs of one more state after 2000-2009.

AICCM special interest groups—key issues for the twenty-first century

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Jennifer O’Connell ◽  
Barbara Dabrowa ◽  
Jessie Firth ◽  
Lisa Mansfield ◽  
Frances Paterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
First Century ◽  
Special Interest Groups ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Twenty First Century

Collaboration Between Medical Professionals: Special Interest Groups in the Brazilian Telemedicine University Network (RUTE)

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 902-910
Author(s):  
Thiago Delevidove de Lima Verde Brito ◽  
Roberto Silva Baptista ◽  
Paulo Roberto de Lima Lopes ◽  
Alan Taylor ◽  
Ana Estela Haddad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Special Interest Groups
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