scholarly journals Prevotella/Streptococcus and other anaerobes colonize the metagenome (nasopharyngeal swab) submitted by Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia in Covid19 patient, corroborating the hypothesis that SARS-Cov2 is enabling anaerobes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Lemierre’S Syndrome ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
Emory University ◽  
Blood Clots ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Lemierre's Syndrome

The hypothesis [1] that SARS-Cov2 [2,3] enables anaerobic bacteria (Prevotella, et al) to colonize the lungs disrupting homeostasis finds resonance in the ‘forgotten disease’ Lemierre’s Syndrome [4–9,9,10]. Lemierre’s Syndrome is also caused by anaerobic bacteria enabled by Epstein Barr Virus [11,12]. Symptoms common to both diseases include ARDS, septic shock, blood clots and arterial stroke [?,13–17]. Covid19 starts from the lungs (possibly making it easier to treat), in contrast to Lemierre’s Syndrome that originates in the jugular vein.Nasopharyngeal swab(Accid:SRR11829376)Here, metagenome from a Covid19 patient in Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia is analyzed (Table 1). Prevotella/Streptococcus and other anaerobes colonize the metagenome, corroborating the hy- pothesis that SARS-Cov2 is enabling anaerobes [1]. The bacterial load is quite high, the first five species comprise 70% of the load.Gut metageome (Accid:SRR11827437)Another sample shows Enterococcus colonization, and although the source of the sample is mentioned as nasopharyngeal swab, most of the bacteria are gut related (Table 2).

scholarly journals Metagenome of Covid19 patient from Bangladesh corroborates the anaerobic colonization enabled by SAR-Cov2 with a novel, hard to culture, bacteria - Lawsonella clevelandensis - that is implicated in disease by causing abscesses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Lemierre’S Syndrome ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Blood Clots ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Lemierre's Syndrome

I have hypothesized [1] that SARS-Cov2 [2,3] enables anaerobic bacteria (Prevotella, et al) to colonize the lungs disrupting homeostasis. This finds resonance in the ‘forgotten disease’ Lemierre’s Syndrome [4–9,9,10], caused by anaerobic bacteria enabled by Epstein Barr Virus [11, 12]. Common symptoms include ARDS, septic shock, blood clots and arterial stroke [?,13–17]. A key difference is that Lemierre’s Syndrome originates in the jugular vein, while Covid19 starts from the lungs (possibly making it easier to treat).Here, metagenome from a Covid19 patient in Bangladesh Accid:PRJNA633241) is analyzed (Table 1). While, bacterial load is low (and this might be due to removal of reads), it corroborates the anaerobic domination with a novel anaerobic bacteria - Lawsonella clevelandensis - being implicated.

Lemierre's and Lemierre's-like syndromes in association with infectious mononucleosis

2010 ◽  
Vol 124 (12) ◽  
pp. 1257-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
E M Chacko ◽  
L R Krilov ◽  
W Patten ◽  
P J Lee
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Infectious Mononucleosis ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus Infection ◽  
Lemierre’S Syndrome ◽  
Heterophile Antibody ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Barr Virus Infection ◽  
Lemierre's Syndrome

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to review cases of Lemierre's and Lemierre's-like syndromes in paediatric patients, to examine a possible association with Epstein–Barr virus as a predisposing factor, and to assess the impact of this virus on the severity of illness.Methods:We performed a retrospective analysis of data from the in-patient database at Winthrop University Hospital, from January 2001 to October 2007. We reviewed clinical and laboratory findings as well as the outcome of infection in patients aged 21 years or less with a diagnosis of Lemierre's syndrome. An additional case of Lemierre's-like syndrome was also included. The illness severity and duration of in-patient management of those testing positive for heterophile antibody were then compared with the same parameters in patients who tested negative.Results:Of the five patients diagnosed with Lemierre's syndrome, two had concomitant acute infection with Epstein–Barr virus. Additionally, a 19-year-old adolescent was admitted during this period with acute infectious mononucleosis, Fusobacterium necrophorum sepsis, sinusitis, frontal lobe abscess and ophthalmic vein thrombosis. The clinical presentation of all patients included fever, sore throat, and ear or neck pain. The duration of symptoms ranged from two days to three weeks prior to admission. The patients with acute Epstein–Barr virus infection had been diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis prior to admission, and tested positive for heterophile antibody. These patients subsequently underwent more extensive in-patient treatment, including intensive care management and ventilator support. The patients who tested negative for heterophile antibody experienced a milder course of illness, with a shorter duration of in-patient management.Conclusion:Two patients diagnosed with Lemierre's syndrome, and a third with Fusobacterium necrophorum sepsis, had coexisting acute Epstein–Barr virus infection. Patients who tested positive for heterophile antibody experienced a more severe course of illness. These observations suggest a possible association between Epstein–Barr virus infection and the severity of concomitant Lemierre's syndrome.

A case of Lemierre's syndrome following Epstein–Barr virus infection

Anaerobe ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Boz ◽  
S. Iskender ◽  
R. Caylan ◽  
K. Aydin ◽  
I. Koksal
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus Infection ◽  
Lemierre’S Syndrome ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Barr Virus Infection ◽  
Lemierre's Syndrome

scholarly journals Disseminated intravascular coagulation: enumerating studies of Lemierre’s syndrome and Covid19 to highlight the similarities between these diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation ◽  
Blood Clot ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Clotting Factors ◽  
Lemierre’S Syndrome ◽  
Excessive Bleeding ◽  
Intravascular Coagulation ◽  
Blood Clots ◽  
Lemierre's Syndrome

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a serious disorder characterized by small blood clots de- veloping throughout the bloodstream, blocking small blood vessels, depleting platelets and clotting factors leading to excessive bleeding. Lately, it is been reported that Covid19 is more of a vascular problem, than one of the lungs. Here, I enumerate studies of Lemierre’s syndrome with DIC, and also papers highlighting the Covid19 cases - this is based on my hypothesis that Covid19 is very similar to Lemierre’s Syndrome, wherein an anaerobic bacteria is enabled by a virus (SARS-Cov2/EBV) to form an abscess, from which a blood clot (carrying the bacteria) disseminates through the blood stream [1].

scholarly journals SARS-Cov2 enables anaerobic bacteria (Prevotella, et al) to colonize the lungs disrupting homeostasis, causing long-drawn chronic symptoms, and acute severe symptoms (ARDS, septic shock, clots, arterial stroke) which finds resonance, with key differences, in the ‘forgotten disease’ Lemierre Syndrome, enabled by Epstein Barr Virus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Lemierre Syndrome ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Lung Sample ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Bacterial Genes

Metagenomic studies of Covid19 patient sequencing data from different countries (China, Brazil, Peru, Cambodia, USA) shows a pattern that SARS-Cov2 enables anaerobic bacteria (eg Prevotella, Veil- lonella, Capnocytophaga, Fusobacterium, Oribacterium and Bacteroides) colonize the lungs, disrupting the homeostasis found in healthy patients. Long drawn symptoms in Covid19 have caused great con- sternation, and could be explained by persistence of biofilms. Some of these bacteria are implicated in increasing IL-6, cause ground glass opacity in lungs and are associated with cardiac injury - all symp- toms associated with Covid19. Many studies also show several bacterial infection markers - like D-dimer, LDH, C-reactive protein and ferritin - being significantly high, while the viral immune response is at- tenuated (reported by three studies till date). This is also confirmed here in the lung sample from a 74 year old deceased patient, showing high levels of IFITM3, ferritin and S100 calcium binding protein. Anaerobic bacteria causing initial symptoms like persistent fever, chills, pain and later symptoms like ARDS, blood clots, arterial stroke and septic shock finds resonance in a ”forgotten disease” - Lemierre syndrome (LS). While, LS is enabled by Epstein Barr Virus - possibly by ‘a transient depression of T cell immunity’, two recent studies show that IFN-λ might promote bacterial superinfection in Covid19. Also, 16S rRNA bacterial genes and endotoxins (LPS) were discovered in 18/19 severely ill pneumonia patients in one study, suggesting dissemination of endotoxins, and not actual bacteria, might suffice to cause severity. Autopsies also show foci of acute bronchopneumonia. There are key differences with LS - for example origin of LS is the jugular vein while Covid19 starts in the lungs (and this difference should result in Covid19 to be easier to treat). Co-infection of EBV and SARS-Cov2 leads to greater symptoms (fever, higher CRP) in a study of 67 patients. SARS-2003 showed a lot of similar symptoms, which did not get enough media attention. There was a specific warning issued in 2004 for ‘an increased vigilance against stroke and other thrombotic complications among critically-ill SARS patients in future outbreaks’. Enhanced pathogen testing kits, which include RT-PCT for bacterial genes and endotoxin tests, could confirm this disruption in Covid19, and thus anaerobic-specific antibiotics could significantly help in therapy.

scholarly journals A Case of Lemierre Syndrome Secondary to Otitis Media and Mastoiditis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aynur Turan ◽  
Harun Cam ◽  
Yeliz Dadali ◽  
Serdar Korkmaz ◽  
Ali Özdek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Internal Jugular Vein ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Transverse Sinus ◽  
Lemierre’S Syndrome ◽  
Lemierre Syndrome ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Oropharyngeal Infection ◽  
Lemierre's Syndrome

Lemierre’s syndrome is a rare clinical condition that generally develops secondary to oropharyngeal infection caused byFusobacterium necrophorum, which is an anaerobic bacteria. A 62-year-old patient with diabetes mellitus presented with internal jugular vein and sigmoid sinus-transverse sinus thrombophlebitis, accompanying otitis media and mastoiditis that developed after an upper airway infection. Interestingly, there were air bubbles in both the internal jugular vein and transverse sinus. Vancomycin and meropenem were started and a right radical mastoidectomy was performed. The patient’s clinical picture completely resolved in 14 days. High mortality and morbidity may be prevented with a prompt diagnosis of Lemierre’s syndrome.

scholarly journals Metagenomic data of three Covid19 patients submitted by NIAID Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch is from the gut - and not the lungs (BALF) as stated: Muribaculum is an intestinal microbe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Lemierre’S Syndrome ◽  
Lemierre's Syndrome ◽  
Registration Date ◽  
F 31

The Covid19 anaerobic hypothesis states that SARS-Cov2 is enabling anaerobic bacteria to colonize the lungs, leading to Lemierre’s syndrome like symptoms [1]. However, the metagenomic data from 3 Covid19 patients (age M=40, F=20, F=31) submitted by NIAID Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch (Accid:PRJNA631287) is from the gut - and not lungs (BALF) as stated (Table 1). The Registration date of this sequencing data is : 8-May-2020. Muribaculum is an intestinal microbe [2] - and the microbe composition can be seen to be completely different from that in the lungs.The data size is very small - 5000 reads per patient. So this should be very easy to verify.

scholarly journals Lemierre’s Syndrome: Recognising a Typical Presentation of a Rare Condition

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Coultas ◽  
Neena Bodasing ◽  
Paul Horrocks ◽  
Anthony Cadwgan
Keyword(s):  
Rare Complication ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Anticoagulation Therapy ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Lemierre’S Syndrome ◽  
Delay In Diagnosis ◽  
Oropharyngeal Infection ◽  
Lemierre's Syndrome

Lemierre’s syndrome is a rare complication following an acute oropharyngeal infection. The aetiological agent is typically anaerobic bacteria of the genusFusobacterium. The syndrome is characterised by a primary oropharyngeal infection followed by metastatic spread and suppurative thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein. If left untreated, Lemierre’s syndrome carries a mortality rate of over 90%. Whilst relatively common in the preantibiotic era, the number of cases of Lemierre’s syndrome subsequently declined with the introduction of antibiotics. With the increase of antibiotic resistance and a greater reluctance to prescribe antibiotics for minor conditions such as tonsillitis, there are now concerns developing about the reemergence of the condition. This increasing prevalence in the face of an unfamiliarity of clinicians with the classical features of this “forgotten disease” may result in the misdiagnosis or delay in diagnosis of this potentially fatal illness. This case report illustrates the delay in diagnosis of probable Lemierre’s syndrome in a 17-year-old female, its diagnosis, and successful treatment which included the use of anticoagulation therapy. Whilst there was a positive outcome, the case highlights the need for a suspicion of this rare condition when presented with distinctive signs and symptoms.

scholarly journals Covid19 is nothing but Lemierre's syndrome - the "forgotten disease".

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Fusobacterium Necrophorum ◽  
Lemierre’S Syndrome ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lemierre's Syndrome

I will just quote Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemierre%27s syndrome. My words are in italics, everything else is Wikipedia.The bacteria causing the thrombophlebitis are anaerobic bacteria that are typically normal components of the microorganisms that inhabit the mouth and throat. Species of Fusobacterium, specifically Fusobacterium necrophorum, are most commonly the causative bacteria, but various bacteria have been implicated.Remember this paper - ”The usual anaerobic bacterial suspects extracted from a global metagenomic database of Covid19 patients from Peru, Cambodia, China, Brazil and the US - Prevotella, Veillonella, Capnocytophaga, Fusobacterium, Oribacterium and Bacteroides should be monitored for colonization”F. necrophorum produces hemagglutinin, so does Prevotella. So, only this time SARS-Cov2 is probably enabling Prevotella more, whatever be the reason. And this starts not in the peritonsillar region, but somewhere in the lungs - the abscess being enabled by the virus

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