Several new routes to furans and to pyrroles have recently been put forward. Inspired by the Achmatowicz ring expansion, Patrick J. Walsh of the University of Pennsylvania developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 4097) the oxidative rearrangement of 3-hydrox-alkyl furans such as 1 to the 3-aldehyde 2. José M. Aurrecoechea of the Universidad del País Vasco established (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 3650) that cumulated alcohols, available by reduction of alkynes such as 3 with SmI2, rearrange under Pd catalysis, and then add to an acceptor alkene such as 4, to give the furan 5. Vladimir Gevorgyan of the University of Illinois at Chicago used (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 1440) an Au catalyst to rearrange an allene such as 6 to the bromo furan 7. Fabien L. Gagosz of the Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, also found (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 3181) that an Au catalyst rearranged the eneyne 8 to the pyrrole 9. Azido esters such as 10 are readily prepared from the corresponding aldehyde by phosphonate condensation. Shunsuke Chiba and Koichi Narasaka of Nanyang Technology University demonstrated (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 313) that thermal condensation of 10 with acetyl acetone 11 gave the pyrrole 12, while Cu catalyzed condensation with acetoacetate 13 gave the complementary pyrrole 14. Huan-Feng Jiang of South China University of Technology observed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 3805) that condensation of an acid chloride 15 with an alkyne 16, presumably to give the alkynyl ketone, followed by the addition of hydrazine delivered the pyrazole 17. Masanobu Uchiyama of RIKEN and Florence Mongin of the Université de Rennes 1 established (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 177) that a pre-formed pyrazole 18 could be metalated and then iodinated, to give 19. Xiaohu Deng of Johnson & Johnson, San Diego reported (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 1307; J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 2412) complementary routes to pyrazoles, combining 20 and 21 under acidic conditions to give 22, and under basic conditions to give 23.
Methanol-Driven Oxidative Rearrangement of Biogenic Furans – Enzyme Cascades vs. Photobiocatalysis
