scholarly journals Dual-Cell Patch-Clamp Recording Revealed a Mechanism for a Ribbon Synapse to Process Both Digital and Analog Inputs and Outputs

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Jie Pang ◽  
Fan Gao ◽  
Samuel M. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Patch Clamp ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Chemical Synapse ◽  
Rod Photoreceptor ◽  
Digital Signals ◽  
Patch Clamp Recording ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Cell Patch Clamp

A chemical synapse is either an action potential (AP) synapse or a graded potential (GP) synapse but not both. This study investigated how signals passed the glutamatergic synapse between the rod photoreceptor and its postsynaptic hyperpolarizing bipolar cells (HBCs) and light responses of retinal neurons with dual-cell and single-cell patch-clamp recording techniques. The results showed that scotopic lights evoked GPs in rods, whose depolarizing Phase 3 associated with the light offset also evoked APs of a duration of 241.8 ms and a slope of 4.5 mV/ms. The depolarization speed of Phase 3 (Speed) was 0.0001–0.0111 mV/ms and 0.103–0.469 mV/ms for rods and cones, respectively. On pairs of recorded rods and HBCs, only the depolarizing limbs of square waves applied to rods evoked clear currents in HBCs which reversed at −6.1 mV, indicating cation currents. We further used stimuli that simulated the rod light response to stimulate rods and recorded the rod-evoked excitatory current (rdEPSC) in HBCs. The normalized amplitude (R/Rmax), delay, and rising slope of rdEPSCs were differentially exponentially correlated with the Speed (all p < 0.001). For the Speed < 0.1 mV/ms, R/Rmax grew while the delay and duration reduced slowly; for the Speed between 0.1 and 0.4 mV/ms, R/Rmax grew fast while the delay and duration dramatically decreased; for the Speed > 0.4 mV/ms, R/Rmax reached the plateau, while the delay and duration approached the minimum, resembling digital signals. The rdEPSC peak was left-shifted and much faster than currents in rods. The scotopic-light-offset-associated major and minor cation currents in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the gigantic excitatory transient currents (GTECs) in HBCs, and APs and Phase 3 in rods showed comparable light-intensity-related locations. The data demonstrate that the rod-HBC synapse is a perfect synapse that can differentially decode and code analog and digital signals to process enormously varied rod and coupled-cone inputs.

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide modulates GABAA receptor function in bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the rat retina

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Veruki ◽  
H. H. Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Gabaa Receptor ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Current Response ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Patch Clamp Recording ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

1. The effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on bipolar cells and ganglion cells freshly dissociated from the rat retina was studied under voltage clamp with the use of patch-clamp recording in the whole-cell configuration. 2. Application of VIP (1-100 microM) by itself resulted in no detectable current response in either bipolar cells or ganglion cells. However, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-activated macroscopic current responses elicited in both neuronal populations were potentiated on superimposed exposure to the neuropeptide. 3. GABA-activated chloride currents and muscimol-induced current responses were similarly potentiated on exposure to VIP, suggesting a synergistic interaction between VIP and GABAA receptor mechanisms. 4. We postulate that VIP plays a neuromodulatory role by regulating the excitability of inner retinal neurons and in this way modulates the efficacy of synaptic transmission in the retina.

scholarly journals In vivoWhole-Cell Patch-Clamp Recording of Sensory Synaptic Responses of Cingulate Pyramidal Neurons to Noxious Mechanical Stimuli in Adult Mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1744-8069-6-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohei Koga ◽  
Xiangyao Li ◽  
Tao Chen ◽  
Hendrik W Steenland ◽  
Giannina Descalzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patch Clamp ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Patch Clamp Recording ◽  
Cell Patch Clamp ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Synaptic Responses

Pharmacological modulation of the rod pathway in the cat retina

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1657-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Muller ◽  
H. Wassle ◽  
T. Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Light Responses ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Maintained Discharge ◽  
Potent Agonist ◽  
Aii Amacrine Cells

1. In the intact cat eye, the responses of ganglion cells to light stimulation were recorded extracellularly and the actions of iontophoretically applied 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), a potent agonist at ON-bipolars, and of strychnine, a glycine antagonist, were investigated. 2. Under light-adapted conditions, the activity of ON-center ganglion cells is decreased by APB but is increased by strychnine. APB and strychnine act independently of one another. 3. The activity of light-adapted OFF-center ganglion cells is increased by APB and by strychnine. The light response remains clearly modulated. Strychnine blocks the action of simultaneously applied APB. The results are in agreement with the action of a push-pull mechanism, according to which ON-cone-bipolars provide a glycinergic input into OFF-center ganglion cells. 4. Under dark-adapted conditions, APB blocks the light responses of both ON-center and OFF-center ganglion cells. The discharge rate of ON-center ganglion cells is completely suppressed; OFF-center ganglion cells show a high maintained discharge. 5. Strychnine blocks the scotopic light response of OFF-center ganglion cells and blocks the action of simultaneously applied APB. The light response of ON-center ganglion cells is hardly affected by strychnine. 6. The effects of strychnine on OFF-center ganglion cells are in agreement with the hypothesis that the glycinergic AII amacrine cells modulate the activity of the scotopic OFF-channel. 7. Intravitreally applied APB abolished the scotopic b-wave of the electroretinogram at concentrations of 100 microM. 8. Our data suggest that as in rabbit (10) the rod bipolars in cat retina are depolarizing (ON) bipolar cells.

Patch-clamp Recording of Human Retinal Photoreceptors and Bipolar Cells†

2007 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahito Ohkuma ◽  
Fusao Kawai ◽  
Masayuki Horiguchi ◽  
Ei-Ichi Miyachi
Keyword(s):  
Patch Clamp ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Patch Clamp Recording ◽  
Retinal Photoreceptors

Z f-and-H sys-based C m measurement under the whole-cell patch-clamp recording

2008 ◽  
Vol 457 (6) ◽  
pp. 1423-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Jie Luo ◽  
Jun Xiong ◽  
Xian-Guang Lin ◽  
Zheng-Xing Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patch Clamp ◽  
Patch Clamp Recording ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Cell Patch Clamp ◽  
Whole Cell Patch Clamp

Expression profiling of GABAA receptor β-subunits in the rat retina

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V. Grigorenko ◽  
Hermes H. Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Rod Photoreceptor ◽  
Β Subunit ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Retinal Neuron ◽  
Rat Retina

AbstractThis study profiled the expression of the family of GABAA receptor β-subunits in the adult rat retina. Using a combination of reverse transcriptase reaction followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with gene-specific primers, the expression of mRNAs encoding the β1, β2, and β3 subunits was first examined in the intact retina and then in separated retinal nuclear layers. However, it was found that a critical analysis. had to be carried out at the level of the single cell in order to resolve the differential patterns of expression among the retinal cell types. When cells were isolated and identified following acute dissociation, RT-PCR revealed that individual rod photoreceptor cells expressed consistently the β1 and β2 messages while the bipolar cells expressed the β1 and β3 messages. Ganglion cells displayed considerable variability in β-subunit expression, perhaps reflecting their functional and morphological heterogeneity in the retina. In contrast, the nonneuronal Mueller cells did not express any of the β-subunit messages. These results indicate that the expression of GABAA receptor subunits is cell-type dependent. Furthermore, as the expression of other families of GABAA receptor subunits are profiled and the patterns of subunit assembly are better understood, our results raise the possibility that GABAA receptors with different subunit compositions can be expected to be coexpressed within a single retinal neuron.

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