scholarly journals Effects of Response-Independent Food Pellet Delivery on the Development of Tolerance to the Rate-Decreasing Effect of d-Amphetamine in Rats

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Food Pellet ◽  
Pellet Delivery ◽  
Development Of Tolerance

The Influence of Upcoming Food-Pellet Delivery on Subjects' Responding for 1% Sucrose Reinforcement Delivered by Concurrent Random-Interval Schedules

2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-131
Author(s):  
Jeffrey N. Weatherly ◽  
Cathryn Grove ◽  
Ryan Beste
Keyword(s):  
Food Pellet ◽  
Pellet Delivery ◽  
Random Interval ◽  
Sucrose Reinforcement

scholarly journals Basolateral amygdala to nucleus accumbens projections differentially mediate flexibility of sign- and goal-tracking rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Kochli ◽  
Sara E. Keefer ◽  
Utsav Gyawali ◽  
Donna J Calu
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Food Pellet ◽  
Pellet Delivery ◽  
Sign Tracking ◽  
Flexible Behavior ◽  
Goal Tracking ◽  
Value Changes ◽  
Conditioned Responding ◽  
Outcome Devaluation

AbstractRats rely on communication between basolateral amygdala (BLA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) to express lever directed approach in a Pavlovian lever autoshaping (PLA) task that distinguishes sign- and goal-tracking rats. While sign-tracking rats inflexibly respond to cues even after the associated outcome is devalued, goal-tracking rats flexibly suppress conditioned responding during outcome devaluation. Here, we sought to determine whether BLA-NAc communication in sign-trackers drives rigid appetitive approach that is insensitive to manipulations of outcome value. Using a contralateral chemogenetic inactivation design, we injected contralateral BLA and NAc core with inhibitory DREADD (hm4D-mcherry) or control (mcherry) constructs. To determine sign- and goal-tracking groups, we trained rats in five PLA sessions in which brief lever insertion predicts food pellet delivery. We sated rats on training pellets (devalued condition) or chow (valued condition) prior to systemic clozapine injections (0.1 mg/kg) to inactivate BLA and contralateral NAc during two outcome devaluation probe tests, in which we measured lever and foodcup approach. Contralateral BLA-NAc chemogenetic inactivation promoted flexible lever approach in sign-tracking rats, but disrupted flexible food-cup approach in goal-tracking rats. Consistent with a prior BLA-NAc disconnection lesion study, we find contralateral chemogenetic inactivation of BLA and NAc core reduces lever, but not foodcup approach in PLA. Together these findings suggest rigid appetitive associative encoding in BLA-NAc of sign-tracking rats hinders the expression of flexible behavior when outcome value changes.

scholarly journals Reinforcement of ethanol consumption in rats by an increase in the frequency of food-pellet delivery

1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Coulson ◽  
K. B. Koffer ◽  
V. Coulson
Keyword(s):  
Food Pellet ◽  
Ethanol Consumption ◽  
Pellet Delivery

scholarly journals Basolateral Amygdala to Nucleus Accumbens Communication Differentially Mediates Devaluation Sensitivity of Sign- and Goal-Tracking Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Kochli ◽  
Sara E. Keefer ◽  
Utsav Gyawali ◽  
Donna J. Calu
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Food Pellet ◽  
Pellet Delivery ◽  
Sign Tracking ◽  
Flexible Behavior ◽  
Goal Tracking ◽  
Value Changes ◽  
Outcome Devaluation

Rats rely on communication between the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) to express lever directed approach in a Pavlovian lever autoshaping (PLA) task that distinguishes sign- and goal-tracking rats. During PLA, sign-tracking rats preferentially approach an insertable lever cue, while goal-tracking rats approach a foodcup where rewards are delivered. While sign-tracking rats inflexibly respond to cues even after the associated reward is devalued, goal-tracking rats flexibly reduce responding to cues during outcome devaluation. Here, we sought to determine whether BLA–NAc communication, which is necessary for sign, but not goal-tracking, drives a rigid appetitive approach of sign-tracking rats that are insensitive to manipulations of outcome value. Using a contralateral chemogenetic inactivation design, we injected contralateral BLA and NAc core with inhibitory DREADD (hm4Di-mCherry) or control (mCherry) constructs. To determine sign- and goal-tracking groups, we trained rats in five PLA sessions in which brief lever insertion predicts food pellet delivery. We sated rats on training pellets (devalued condition) or chow (valued condition) before systemic clozapine injections (0.1 mg/kg) to inactivate BLA and contralateral NAc during two outcome devaluation probe tests, in which we measured lever and foodcup approach. Contralateral BLA–NAc chemogenetic inactivation promoted a flexible lever approach in sign-tracking rats but disrupted the flexible foodcup approach in goal-tracking rats. Consistent with a prior BLA–NAc disconnection lesion study, we find contralateral chemogenetic inactivation of BLA and NAc core reduces lever, but not the foodcup approach in PLA. Together these findings suggest rigid appetitive associative encoding in BLA–NAc of sign-tracking rats hinders the expression of flexible behavior when outcome value changes.

Mechanism of Development of Tolerance and Dependence to Opioids in Neuroblastoma x Glioma Hybrid Cells and Mice

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shail K. Sharma ◽  
Madhav Bhatia ◽  
Ranju Ralhan
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Cells ◽  
Development Of Tolerance

Development of tolerance to antinociceptive effects of an intrathecal morphine/clonidine combination in rats

1995 ◽  
Vol 351 (6) ◽  
pp. 618-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Plummer ◽  
Patricia L. Cmielewski ◽  
Stephen Tallents ◽  
Pauline De La M. Hall ◽  
John Odontiadis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrathecal Morphine ◽  
Antinociceptive Effects ◽  
Development Of Tolerance

WHAT CAUSES DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE ON CHRONIC PRAZOSIN THERAPY?

InPharma ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 264 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-16
Keyword(s):  
Development Of Tolerance

Extinction in the Pigeon after Continuous Reinforcement: Effect of Number of Reinforced Responses

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel Furumoto
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Food Pellet ◽  
Key Peck ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Gm Food ◽  
Free Operant ◽  
Time To Extinction ◽  
Monotonically Increasing Function ◽  
Increasing Functions ◽  
Increasing Function

Number of responses and time to extinction were measured after 3, 10, 1000, 3000, 5000, and 10,000 reinforced key-peck responses during conditioning. Each response was reinforced with a 045-gm. food pellet. The number of responses in extinction was a monotonically increasing function which became asymptotic beyond 1000 reinforced responses. Number of reinforced responses during conditioning significantly affected the number of responses in extinction ( p < .001) but not the time to extinction. The results support the findings of previous free-operant bar-press studies with rats. Free-operant animal studies of extinction after continuous reinforcement have consistently produced monotonically increasing functions and have typically employed relatively small amounts of reinforcement. Amount of reward may be an important parameter determining the shape of the extinction function in the free-operant studies.

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