Faculty Opinions recommendation of Double-stranded RNA is produced by positive-strand RNA viruses and DNA viruses but not in detectable amounts by negative-strand RNA viruses.

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Enquist
Keyword(s):  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Positive Strand ◽  
Negative Strand ◽  
Positive Strand Rna

scholarly journals Double-Stranded RNA Is Produced by Positive-Strand RNA Viruses and DNA Viruses but Not in Detectable Amounts by Negative-Strand RNA Viruses

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 5059-5064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedemann Weber ◽  
Valentina Wagner ◽  
Simon B. Rasmussen ◽  
Rune Hartmann ◽  
Søren R. Paludan
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Genome Replication ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Positive Strand ◽  
Negative Strand ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Positive Strand Rna

ABSTRACT Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) longer than 30 bp is a key activator of the innate immune response against viral infections. It is widely assumed that the generation of dsRNA during genome replication is a trait shared by all viruses. However, to our knowledge, no study exists in which the production of dsRNA by different viruses is systematically investigated. Here, we investigated the presence and localization of dsRNA in cells infected with a range of viruses, employing a dsRNA-specific antibody for immunofluorescence analysis. Our data revealed that, as predicted, significant amounts of dsRNA can be detected for viruses with a genome consisting of positive-strand RNA, dsRNA, or DNA. Surprisingly, however, no dsRNA signals were detected for negative-strand RNA viruses. Thus, dsRNA is indeed a general feature of most virus groups, but negative-strand RNA viruses appear to be an exception to that rule.

scholarly journals Plant Virus-Derived Small Interfering RNAs Originate Predominantly from Highly Structured Single-Stranded Viral RNAs

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 7812-7818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Molnár ◽  
Tibor Csorba ◽  
Lóránt Lakatos ◽  
Éva Várallyay ◽  
Christophe Lacomme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Positive Strand ◽  
Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
System A ◽  
Rna Duplexes ◽  
Positive Strand Rna ◽  
Dicer Cleavage ◽  
Pds Gene

ABSTRACT RNA silencing is conserved in a broad range of eukaryotes and includes the phenomena of RNA interference in animals and posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants. In plants, PTGS acts as an antiviral system; a successful virus infection requires suppression or evasion of the induced silencing response. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) accumulate in plants infected with positive-strand RNA viruses and provide specificity to this RNA-mediated defense. We present here the results of a survey of virus-specific siRNAs characterized by a sequence analysis of siRNAs from plants infected with Cymbidium ringspot tombusvirus (CymRSV). CymRSV siRNA sequences have a nonrandom distribution along the length of the viral genome, suggesting that there are hot spots for virus-derived siRNA generation. CymRSV siRNAs bound to the CymRSV p19 suppressor protein have the same asymmetry in strand polarity as the sequenced siRNAs and are imperfect double-stranded RNA duplexes. Moreover, an analysis of siRNAs derived from two other nonrelated positive-strand RNA viruses showed that they displayed the same asymmetry as CymRSV siRNAs. Finally, we show that Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) carrying a short inverted repeat of the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene triggered more accumulation of PDS siRNAs than the corresponding antisense PDS sequence. Taken together, these results suggest that virus-derived siRNAs originate predominantly by direct DICER cleavage of imperfect duplexes in the most folded regions of the positive strand of the viral RNA.

scholarly journals Poly(A) at the 3′ End of Positive-Strand RNA and VPg-Linked Poly(U) at the 5′ End of Negative-Strand RNA Are Reciprocal Templates during Replication of Poliovirus RNA

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 2843-2858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin P. Steil ◽  
Brian J. Kempf ◽  
David J. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Rna Replication ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Positive Strand ◽  
Negative Strand ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Reiterative Transcription ◽  
Positive Strand Rna

ABSTRACT A 3′ poly(A) tail is a common feature of picornavirus RNA genomes and the RNA genomes of many other positive-strand RNA viruses. We examined the manner in which the homopolymeric poly(A) and poly(U) portions of poliovirus (PV) positive- and negative-strand RNAs were used as reciprocal templates during RNA replication. Poly(A) sequences at the 3′ end of viral positive-strand RNA were transcribed into VPg-linked poly(U) products at the 5′ end of negative-strand RNA during PV RNA replication. Subsequently, VPg-linked poly(U) sequences at the 5′ ends of negative-strand RNA templates were transcribed into poly(A) sequences at the 3′ ends of positive-strand RNAs. The homopolymeric poly(A) and poly(U) portions of PV RNA products of replication were heterogeneous in length and frequently longer than the corresponding homopolymeric sequences of the respective viral RNA templates. The data support a model of PV RNA replication wherein reiterative transcription of homopolymeric templates ensures the synthesis of long 3′ poly(A) tails on progeny RNA genomes.

scholarly journals Ultrastructural Features of Membranous Replication Organelles Induced by Positive-Stranded RNA Viruses

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2407
Author(s):  
Van Nguyen-Dinh ◽  
Eva Herker
Keyword(s):  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Membrane System ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Positive Strand ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Positive Strand Rna

All intracellular pathogens critically depend on host cell organelles and metabolites for successful infection and replication. One hallmark of positive-strand RNA viruses is to induce alterations of the (endo)membrane system in order to shield their double-stranded RNA replication intermediates from detection by the host cell’s surveillance systems. This spatial seclusion also allows for accruing host and viral factors and building blocks required for efficient replication of the genome and prevents access of antiviral effectors. Even though the principle is iterated by almost all positive-strand RNA viruses infecting plants and animals, the specific structure and the organellar source of membranes differs. Here, we discuss the characteristic ultrastructural features of the virus-induced membranous replication organelles in plant and animal cells and the scientific progress gained by advanced microscopy methods.

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