Faculty Opinions recommendation of Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels.

‘Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology’ covers the anatomy and organization of the central nervous system, including the skull and cervical vertebrae, the meninges, the blood and lymphatic vessels, muscles and nerves of the head and neck, and the structures of the eye, ear, and central nervous system. At a cellular level, the different cell types and the mechanism of transmission across synapses are considered, including excitatory and inhibitory synapses. This is followed by a review of the major control and sensory systems (including movement, information processing, locomotion, reflexes, and the main five senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell). The integration of these processes into higher functions (such as sleep, consciousness and coma, emotion, memory, and ageing) is discussed, along with the causes and treatments of disorders of diseases such as depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, addiction, and degenerative diseases.

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The future in glioblastoma treatment

10.5327/1516-3180.081 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Natasha Kuromoto de Castro ◽

Luisa Oliveira Wey Rossettini ◽

Mirto Nelso Prandini

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Patient Survival ◽

Lymphatic Vessels ◽

Active Immunotherapy ◽

Good Strategy ◽

Antitumor Response ◽

Great Relevance ◽

Aggressive Tumor

Introduction: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive tumor that affects humans. Surgical treatment based on cytoreduction presents serious limitations. Consequently, treatments that use selective measures, in order to define relevant antigens that retard growth and recurrences, acquire a prominent position. The complex tumor microenvironment and the infiltration into adjacent tissues make surgical therapies, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, approaches still unsatisfactory when the increase in survival rate is evaluated. Studies on central nervous system immunovigilance have found the presence of lymphatic vessels and the perivascular system that allows the presentation of antigens to T4 cells bringing with it great relevance of immunotherapy, and the creation of active immune responses, recruiting the immune system itself to fight the tumor locally or systemically. Objectives: Determine the effectiveness of combining immunotherapy with conventional therapies of treatments in order to prolong the survival of patients with GBM. Methodology: Databases of Springer Link, Oxford academic, PubMed, Biblioteca USP. Results: For an active immunotherapy to be well-defined, it is necessary to have a strong and efficient antigen presentation breaking the state of tumor immune tolerance and activating effector lymphocytes. The use of dendritic cells for this presentation may be a good strategy. Finally, the antitumor response requires coordination between various local and systemic components. Conclusion: The use of immunotherapy in the treatment of GBM continues to expand. Despite several problems, due to immunosuppression mediated by the tumor itself, the immunotherapy brings a hope regarding to the possibility of to increase the immunogenicity and, thus, prolonging patient survival.

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