A LITERATURE REVIEW OF NOVEL COVID-19 AND RELATED CORONAVIRUSES OUTBREAKS IN THE 1960S UNTIL 21ST CENTURY

Coronavirus (CoVs) is a large group of viruses known to affect birds and mammals including humans. This review aims to present the types of human coronavirus and animal coronavirus studied and displaying the relationships of these coronaviruses to weather, meteorology and climatology. Human coronaviruses (HCoV) in review are namely 229E, NL63, OC43 and HKU1 and other HCoV which are Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). These HcoV originated as animal infections which then develop and ultimately transmitted to humans. CoV can also be found in animals which are Canine Respiratory Coronavirus (CRCoV), Murine Coronavirus Rat Hepatitis Virus (MHV), Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV), Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV), Feline Coronavirus (FCoV), Canine Coronavirus (CCoV) and Turkey Coronavirus (TCV). CoV has been found to last longer in the atmosphere at lower temperatures and lower relative humidity. Thus, some coronavirus outbreaks can mostly be attributed to cold and dry climates for more effective CoV transmission. Identified CoV are mostly active when the temperature is between 9 °C and 24 °C. Findings in this review can serve as knowledge and guidance for individuals, related organizations and governments to be prepared for the CoV threats that is currently occurring and that is likely to re-emerge in the coming years. It is also intended to provide useful baseline information for policymakers and the public. KEYWORDS: climatology, coronavirus (CoVs), human coronaviruses (HCoV), meteorology, weather

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Genetic analysis of porcine respiratory coronavirus, an attenuated variant of transmissible gastroenteritis virus.

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.65.6.3369-3373.1991 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 65 (6) ◽

pp. 3369-3373 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

R D Wesley ◽

R D Woods ◽

A K Cheung

Keyword(s):

Genetic Analysis ◽

Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus ◽

Gastroenteritis Virus ◽

Transmissible Gastroenteritis ◽

Respiratory Coronavirus ◽

Porcine Respiratory

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Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus and Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus: Molecular Characterization of the S Gene Using cDNA Probes and Nucleotide Sequence Analysis

Coronaviruses - Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ◽

10.1007/978-1-4615-2996-5_7 ◽

1994 ◽

pp. 43-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Daral J. Jackwood ◽

Insoo Bae ◽

Renee J. Jackwood ◽

Linda J. Saif

Keyword(s):

Sequence Analysis ◽

Nucleotide Sequence ◽

Molecular Characterization ◽

Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽

Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus ◽

Gastroenteritis Virus ◽

Transmissible Gastroenteritis ◽

Respiratory Coronavirus ◽

Porcine Respiratory

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Evaluation of the Serologic Cross-Reactivity between Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus and Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus Using Commercial Blocking Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits

mSphere ◽

10.1128/msphere.00017-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ronaldo Magtoto ◽

Korakrit Poonsuk ◽

David Baum ◽

Jianqiang Zhang ◽

Qi Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Culture Medium ◽

Large Deletion ◽

Cross Reactivity ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Transmissible Gastroenteritis ◽

Respiratory Coronavirus ◽

Porcine Respiratory

ABSTRACTThis study compared the performances of three commercial transmissible gastroenteritis virus/porcine respiratory coronavirus (TGEV/PRCV) blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using serum samples (n = 528) collected over a 49-day observation period from pigs inoculated with TGEV strain Purdue (n = 12), TGEV strain Miller (n = 12), PRCV (n= 12), or with virus-free culture medium (n = 12). ELISA results were evaluated both with “suspect” results interpreted as positive and then as negative. All commercial kits showed excellent diagnostic specificity (99 to 100%) when testing samples from pigs inoculated with virus-free culture medium. However, analyses revealed differences between the kits in diagnostic sensitivity (percent TGEV- or PRCV-seropositive pigs), and all kits showed significant (P < 0.05) cross-reactivity between TGEV and PRCV serum antibodies, particularly during early stages of the infections. Serologic cross-reactivity between TGEV and PRCV seemed to be TGEV strain dependent, with a higher percentage of PRCV-false-positive results for pigs inoculated with TGEV Purdue than for TGEV Miller. Moreover, the overall proportion of false positives was higher when suspect results were interpreted as positive, regardless of the ELISA kit evaluated.IMPORTANCECurrent measures to prevent TGEV from entering a naive herd include quarantine and testing for TGEV-seronegative animals. However, TGEV serology is complicated due to the cross-reactivity with PRCV, which circulates subclinically in most swine herds worldwide. Conventional serological tests cannot distinguish between TGEV and PRCV antibodies; however, blocking ELISAs using antigen containing a large deletion in the amino terminus of the PRCV S protein permit differentiation of PRCV and TGEV antibodies. Several commercial TGEV/PRCV blocking ELISAs are available, but performance comparisons have not been reported in recent research. This study demonstrates that the serologic cross-reactivity between TGEV and PRCV affects the accuracy of commercial blocking ELISAs. Individual test results must be interpreted with caution, particularly in the event of suspect results. Therefore, commercial TGEV/PRCV blocking ELISAs should only be applied on a herd basis.

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