scholarly journals A new transformation of cone responses to opponent color responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph W. Pridmore
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Color Vision ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Opponent Color ◽  
Cardinal Directions ◽  
Unique Hues

AbstractIt is widely agreed that the color vision process moves quickly from cone receptors to opponent color cells in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus. Many workers have proposed the transformation or coding of long, medium, short (LMS) cone responses to r − g, y − b opponent color chromatic responses (unique hues) on the following basis: That L, M, S cones represent Red, Green, and Blue hues, with Yellow represented by (L + M), while r − g and y − b represent the opponent pairs of unique hues. The traditional coding from cones to opponent colors is that L − M gives r − g, while (L + M) − S gives y − b. This convention is open to several criticisms, and a new coding is required. A literature search produced 16 studies of cone responses LMS and 15 studies of spectral (i.e., ygb) opponent color chromatic responses, in terms of response wavelength peaks. Comparative analysis of the two sets of studies shows the means are almost identical (within 3 nm; i.e., L = y, M = g, S = b). Further, the response curves of LMS are very similar shapes to ygb. In sum, each set can directly transform to the other on this proposed coding: (S + L) − M gives r − g, while L − S gives y − b. This coding activates neural operations in the cardinal directions r − g and y − b.

Signals for color and achromatic contrast in the goldfish inner retina

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
DWIGHT A. BURKHARDT
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Color Contrast ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Color Coding ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Inner Retina ◽  
Opponent Color ◽  
Achromatic Contrast ◽  
Goldfish Retina

AbstractA moving stimulus paradigm was designed to investigate color contrast encoding in the retina. Recently, this paradigm yielded suggestive evidence for color contrast encoding in zebrafish but the significance and generality remain uncertain since the properties of color coding in the zebrafish inner retina are largely unknown. Here, the question of color contrast is pursued in the goldfish retina where there is much accumulated evidence for retinal mechanisms of color vision and opponent color-coding, in particular. Recordings of a sensitive local field potential of the inner retina, the proximal negative response, were made in the intact, superfused retina in the light-adapted state. Responses to color contrast and achromatic contrast were analyzed by comparing responses to a green moving bar on green versus red backgrounds. The quantitative form of the irradiance/response curves was distinctly different under a range of conditions in 32 retinas, thereby providing robust evidence for red–green color contrast. The color contrast is based on successive contrast, occurs in the absence of overt color opponency, and clearly differs from previous findings in the goldfish retina for simultaneous color contrast mediated by color-opponent neurons. The form of the irradiance/response curves suggests that successive color contrast is particularly important when achromatic contrast is low, as often occurs in natural environments. The present results provide a parallel with the well-known principle of human color vision, first proposed by Kirschmann as the third law of color contrast, and may also have implications for the evolution of vertebrate color vision.

Opponent Color Cells in the Cat Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 167 (3914) ◽  
pp. 84-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Pearlman ◽  
N. W. Daw
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Opponent Color

Adaptation of visually evoked responses of relay cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat following prolonged exposure to drifting gratings

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiande Shou ◽  
Xiangrui Li ◽  
Yifeng Zhou ◽  
Bing Hu
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Orientation Sensitivity ◽  
Repeated Presentation ◽  
Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate

AbstractAdaptation of visual cortical cells' responses is observed following repeated presentation of grating stimuli. Grating adaptation is believed to exist only at the cortical level. The purpose of this study was to see if grating adaptation also occurs in the lateral geniculate nucleus. We studied the responses of 164 relay cells in layer A and A1 of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) to grating stimuli. Normal cats, as well as cats in which visual cortex was ablated, were studied. Adaptation was investigated using repeated presentation of gratings of different contrasts and orientations. The results showed the following: (1) Grating adaptation reduced the responses of 46% of the LGNd cells recorded. The responses normally decreased within 30 s and then stabilized. However, there was heterogeneity in the effects observed. About 38% of the cells studied were not affected by the adapting gratings. Some cells (16%) showed facilitation rather than habituation of their responses to test stimuli. (2) There was no significant difference between X and Y cells in their susceptibility to adaptation. This suggests that grating adaptation is a general property, independent of cell type. (3) The contrast-response curves of 57% of the LGNd cells studied shifted down after exposure to high-contrast adapting gratings. (4) Adapting gratings of the cells' preferred orientation decreased the orientation sensitivity of 56% of the orientation-sensitive cells. Adapting gratings at the nonpreferred orientation did not affect orientation sensitivity. (5) Prolonged grating adaptation also reduced the responses of 49% of the LGNd cells after inactivation of cortical inputs to the LGNd.

Temporal response properties of koniocellular (blue-on and blue-off) cells in marmoset lateral geniculate nucleus

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 1421-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. J. Pietersen ◽  
S. K. Cheong ◽  
S. G. Solomon ◽  
C. Tailby ◽  
P. R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Temporal Response ◽  
Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Visual Latency ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Bon Cells

Visual perception requires integrating signals arriving at different times from parallel visual streams. For example, signals carried on the phasic-magnocellular (MC) pathway reach the cerebral cortex pathways some tens of milliseconds before signals traveling on the tonic-parvocellular (PC) pathway. Visual latencies of cells in the koniocellular (KC) pathway have not been specifically studied in simian primates. Here we compared MC and PC cells to “blue-on” (BON) and “blue-off” (BOF) KC cells; these cells carry visual signals originating in short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones. We made extracellular recordings in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of anesthetized marmosets. We found that BON visual latencies are 10–20 ms longer than those of PC or MC cells. A small number of recorded BOF cells ( n = 7) had latencies 10–20 ms longer than those of BON cells. Within all cell groups, latencies of foveal receptive fields (<10° eccentricity) were longer (by 3–8 ms) than latencies of peripheral receptive fields (>10°). Latencies of yellow-off inputs to BON cells lagged the blue-on inputs by up to 30 ms, but no differences in visual latency were seen on comparing marmosets expressing dichromatic (“red-green color-blind”) or trichromatic color vision phenotype. We conclude that S-cone signals leaving the LGN on KC pathways are delayed with respect to signals traveling on PC and MC pathways. Cortical circuits serving color vision must therefore integrate across delays in (red-green) chromatic signals carried by PC cells and (blue-yellow) signals carried by KC cells.

scholarly journals Extensive cone-dependent spectral opponency within a discrete zone of the lateral geniculate nucleus supporting mouse color vision

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh W. Mouland ◽  
Abigail Pienaar ◽  
Christopher Williams ◽  
Alex J. Watson ◽  
Robert J. Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Lateral Geniculate

scholarly journals ASYMMETRY IN REGARD TO THE EFFECTS OF MAGNOCELLULAR AND PARVOCELLULAR LESIONS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernt Skottun
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Visual Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
Magnocellular System ◽  
Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Parvocellular System ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
Number Of Cells

The placing of lesions in the magno- and parvocellular layers of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of the visual stream has been used in attempts to assess the contributions of the two systems to various visual tasks. However, because there are about ten times as many parvocellular cells as magnocellular cells a lesion blocking the parvocellular input would be expected to have a larger deleterious impact than one blocking the magnocellular input. Thus, a visual task that depends upon all inputs, i.e. which is not linked specifically to either the magno- or parvocellular systems, would be expected to be more severely affected by a lesion in the parvocellular system than by one in the magnocellular system simply on the basis of the number of cells involved. A larger impact of a parvocellular lesion can, therefore, not be taken to mean that the task in question is specifically, or predominantly, linked to this system. Effects following magnocellular lesions (and not observed following parvocellular lesions), on the other hand, cannot be accounted for on the basis of cell number. There is, therefore, an asymmetry, in regard to the significance of the effects of lesions placed in the magno- and parvocellular layers of the LGN.

Declines in Wavelength Discrimination and Shifts in Unique Hue with Hypoxia

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 394-402
Author(s):  
Andrew Bierman ◽  
Tim LaPlumm ◽  
Mark S. Rea
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Color Vision ◽  
Opponent Color ◽  
Wavelength Discrimination ◽  
Unique Hues ◽  
Unique Green ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Psychophysical Scale ◽  
Color Channels

INTRODUCTION: Hypoxia can be a problem for warfighters, compromising visual and cognitive performance. One area of study has been hypoxia-induced decrements in color vision.METHODS: The present study examined how hypoxia affected the perception of wavelengths associated with unique green and with unique yellow as well as discriminability by the blue vs. yellow (b-y) and the red vs. green (r-g) spectrally opponent color channels while breathing O2 levels found at sea level and at 5500 m. Measurements of wavelengths producing unique green (minimizing response by the b-y channel) and unique yellow (minimizing response by the r-g channel) preceded measurements of wavelength discriminability near those unique hues.RESULTS: Relative to sea level, unique yellow shifted to shorter wavelengths (0.54 nm) and unique green shifted to longer wavelengths (2.3 nm) under hypoxia. In terms of an equal psychophysical scale, both unique hues shifted by similar magnitudes. Wavelength discriminability of both color channels was compromised by statistically reliable amounts of 16–17% under hypoxia.DISCUSSION: These results were consistent with previous studies and the inference that postreceptor, M-cone neurons were differentially compromised by hypoxia. However, these measurable changes in color vision due to hypoxia were not perceived by the subjects.Bierman A, LaPlumm T, Rea MS. Declines in wavelength discrimination and shifts in unique hue with hypoxia. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(5):394–402.

scholarly journals Damage of the lateral geniculate nucleus in MS

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (19) ◽  
pp. e2240-e2249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athina Papadopoulou ◽  
Laura Gaetano ◽  
Armanda Pfister ◽  
Anna Altermatt ◽  
Charidimos Tsagkas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Lesion Volume ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
Retrograde Degeneration ◽  
Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Anterograde Degeneration

ObjectiveTo study if the thalamic lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is affected in multiple sclerosis (MS) due to anterograde degeneration from optic neuritis (ON) or retrograde degeneration from optic radiation (OR) pathology, and if this is relevant for visual function.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, LGN volume of 34 patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 33 matched healthy controls (HC) was assessed on MRI using atlas-based automated segmentation (MAGeT). ON history, thickness of the ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL), OR lesion volume, and fractional anisotropy (FA) of normal-appearing OR (NAOR-FA) were assessed as measures of afferent visual pathway damage. Visual function was tested, including low-contrast letter acuity (LCLA) and Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR) plates for color vision.ResultsLGN volume was reduced in patients vs HC (165.5 ± 45.5 vs 191.4 ± 47.7 mm3, B = −25.89, SE = 5.83, p < 0.001). It was associated with GC-IPL thickness (B = 0.95, SE = 0.33, p = 0.006) and correlated with OR lesion volume (Spearman ρ = −0.53, p = 0.001), and these relationships remained after adjustment for normalized brain volume. There was no association between NAOR-FA and LGN volume (B = −133.28, SE = 88.47, p = 0.137). LGN volume was not associated with LCLA (B = 5.5 × 10−5, SE = 0.03, p = 0.998), but it correlated with HRR color vision (ρ = 0.39, p = 0.032).ConclusionsLGN volume loss in MS indicates structural damage with potential functional relevance. Our results suggest both anterograde degeneration from the retina and retrograde degeneration from the OR lesions as underlying causes. LGN volume is a promising marker reflecting damage of the visual pathway in MS, with the advantage of individual measurement per patient on conventional MRI.

An account of responses of spectrally opponent neurons in macaque lateral geniculate nucleus to successive contrast

1987 ◽  
Vol 230 (1260) ◽  
pp. 293-314 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Adaptation Level ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Families Of Curves ◽  
Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Normal Environment ◽  
Chromatic Thresholds ◽  
Cone Sensitivity ◽  
Adaptation Field

Coloured surfaces in the normal environment may be brighter or dimmer than the mean adaptation level. Changes in the firing rate of cells of the parvocellular layers of macaque lateral geniculate nucleus were studied with such stimuli; chromatic mixtures briefly replaced a white adaptation field. This paradigm is therefore one of successive contrast. Families of intensity-response curves for different wavelengths were measured. When taking sections at different luminance ratios through these families of curves, strongly opponent cells displayed spectrally selective responses at low luminance ratios, while weakly opponent cells had higher chromatic thresholds and responded well to stimuli at higher luminance ratios, brighter than the adaptation field. Strength of cone opponency, defined as the weight of the inhibitory cone mechanism relative to the excitatory one, was thus related to the range of intensity in which cells appeared to operate most effectively. S-cone inputs, as tested with lights lying along tritanopic confusion lines, could either be excitatory or inhibitory. Families of curves for different wavelengths can be simulated mathematically for a given cell by a simple model by using known cone absorption spectra. Hyperbolic response functions relate cone absorption to the output signals of the three cone mechanisms, which are assumed to interact linearly. Parameters from the simulation provided estimates of strength of cone opponency and cone sensitivity which were shown to be continuously distributed. Cell activity can be related to cone excitation in a trichromatic colour space with the help of the model, to give an indication of suprathreshold coding of colour and lightness.

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