scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS TEXTILE AND APPAREL INDONESIA, CHINA, INDIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Bambang Susanto ◽  
Sukadwilinda
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Export Promotion ◽  
Perfect Competition ◽  
Trade Specialization ◽  
China And India ◽  
Textile And Apparel ◽  
Export Competitiveness ◽  
Textile And Apparel Industries ◽  
Capital Intensive

The textile and apparel industries are labor-intensive and capital-intensive industries. The focus of this research looks at the competitiveness of textiles and apparel in Indonesia, China and India. The research method used is comparative descriptive, with the Herfindahl approach, Trade Specialization, Relevealed Comparative Adventage and Constan Market Share. Herfindahl calculation shows the market structure in Indonesia, China and India in the form of perfect competition. While the Trade Specialization approach, Indian exports are more stable than Indonesia and China. The TSR approach generally shows Export Promotion. The Revealed Comparative Adventage approach, Indonesia and India show stable and stagnant results, the RCA scale shows that China has a comparative advantage and strong competitiveness. Conclusion of the research, the market structure takes the form of a perfect competition and Export Promotion. China Has comparative advantages and strong competitiveness, followed by Indonesia and India.

Vertical Trade Specialization and the Formation of North-South PTAs

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 622-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Manger
Keyword(s):  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Preferential Trade Agreements ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Trade Specialization ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The North ◽  
Economic Rationale ◽  
Unit Value ◽  
Vertical Trade ◽  
Capital Intensive

During the last two decades, the number of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) grew almost exponentially to over 270 by 2010. A majority of these are agreements between developed and developing countries. Existing models provide little economic rationale for these agreements, but the existing literature lumps North-South PTAs together with other types of trade pacts. This article offers an explanation focused on the movement of less capital-intensive manufacturing from North to South, which in turn stimulates the exchange of similar goods differentiated by unit value—also referred to as vertical intra-industry trade. The North exports more capitalintensive goods, while more labor-intensive goods are produced and traded by the South. This kind of specialization creates incentives for governments to support PTAs. The author tests this model using a new measure of vertical trade specialization and finds strong evidence that such specialization promotes PTA formation. North-South PTAs should therefore be seen as part of a broader shift of manufacturing from high- to middle-income countries.

scholarly journals An Investigation on Painting and Imagery in Zen

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Siamak Panahi ◽  
Farnaz Cheraghifar ◽  
Shima Talebian
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Zen Buddhism ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
China And India ◽  
Inductive Approach ◽  
Seven Principles

This research considers painting and imagery in Zen as an art and its objective is to introduce the influence of Zen on visual arts. The term “Zen” is derived from Sanskrit and it means “thinking”. In China and India, Zen Buddhism is known as “Liberated Way of Life” and is strongly influenced by Taoism. It is said that Zen began with an allusion, as one day, instead of preaching, Buddha appeared with a flower in his hand when one of his followers received his speechless message. That was when Zen, with its Indian Dhyāna root meaning meditation, was born.The research method here is descriptive and analytical with emphasis on inductive approach (checking samples and providing theory).The resulted process concludes that Zen imagery includes seven principles: asymmetry, purity, stamina, naturalness, deepness, richness and quietism, however; peace or quietism is the concept taken into consideration more than other ones.

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