scholarly journals Biological Data Standards – A primer for data managers

Author(s):  
Abigail Benson ◽  
Diana LaScala-Gruenewald ◽  
Robert McGuinn ◽  
Erin Satterthwaite

While a bevy of standards exist for managers of biological data to use, biological science departments or projects could benefit from an easy to digest primer about biological data standards and the value they confer. Moreover, a quick visual breakdown comparing standards could help data managers choose those that best serve their needs. The Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP) is a nonprofit that enables and supports high quality virtual and in-person collaborations between cross-domain data professionals on common data challenges and opportunities, and is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The ESIP Biological Data Standards Cluster has been developing a primer on existing biological data standards for managers of biological data who may be unaware of existing standards but need to improve management, analysis, and use of the biological observation data. The goal of this primer is to spread awareness about existing standards in a simple, aesthetically pleasing way. Our hope is that this primer, shared online and at conferences, will help increase the adoption of existing biological standards and help make data more Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR).

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacquelyn G. Schneider

Most of the discussion of cyber deterrence has been plagued by ambiguity and a lack of precedent, and this imprecision has resulted in vague or partially implemented policies. This chapter reviews debates about the definition of cyber operations and cyber deterrence, distinguishing the use of cyberspace to support deterrence in other domains and the deterrence of actions in cyberspace itself. The author finds that uncertainty is a resounding theme in this literature, which poses both challenges and opportunities for cross-domain deterrence. Cyber-enabled military capabilities might both bolster U.S. deterrence policies and incentivize attack. In cyber as well as in space, the United States confronts a difficult paradox of capability and vulnerability.


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