The Expansion of the Early Islamic State

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Islamic State ◽  
Early Islamic

ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS AND RECORDING PROCEDURES IN THE EARLY ISLAMIC STATE

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Abdullah Zaid
Keyword(s):  
Islamic State ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Accounting Systems ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Early Islamic

Despite advances in historical knowledge the precise origins of accounting systems and recording procedures remain uncertain. Recently discovered writings suggest that accounting has played a very important role in various sections of Muslim society since 624 A.D. This paper argues that the accounting systems and recording procedures practiced in Muslim society commenced before the invention of the Arabic numerals in response to religious requirements, especially zakat, a mandatory religious levy imposed on Muslims in the year 2 H.

ELITE INCOMES IN THE EARLY ISLAMIC STATE

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-28
Author(s):  
Hugh Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Islamic State ◽  
Early Islamic

The Articulation of Early Islamic State Structures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Donner Fred
Keyword(s):  
Islamic State ◽  
Early Islamic

Islam, iconoclasm, and the declaration of doctrine

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. D. King
Keyword(s):  
Religious Art ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Umayyad Caliphate ◽  
Early Islamic

The attitude of the early Islamic state towards figurative representations is often cited as a source contributing to the establishment of officially-supported iconoclasm within the Byzantine Empire in A.D. 726. Islam has generally adopted a position opposed to the representational in secular art, and the exclusion of all figurative motifs from Islamic religious art is clear from the first, yet this attitude is not necessarily to be regarded as intrinsically iconoclastic in the true sense of the word; indeed, outside Arabia itself, the only evidence of iconoclasm until the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate in 132/750 is confined to the well-known attack on images and statues carried out on the orders of Yazīd II. b. ‘Abd al-Malik (101–105/720–724). This much discussed outbreak of iconoclasm is well documented by Islamic and Christian sources, but the very fact that it is so specifically associated with Yazīd's Caliphate suggests that it was considered unusual at the time. Although Christian sources carefully record the difficulties of their communities under the Umayyads, the absence of references to image-breaking under Caliphs before Yazīd implies that his action was a rarity worthy of comment: under normal circumstances, it would seem the Muslims left the Christians to use icons and representations or not, as they wished.

Early Islamic State Letters:

2021 ◽  
pp. 215-276
Author(s):  
Wadād al-Qāḍī
Keyword(s):  
Islamic State ◽  
Early Islamic

The Financing of the Military in the Early Islamic State

2021 ◽  
pp. 361-378
Author(s):  
Hugh Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Islamic State ◽  
The Military ◽  
Early Islamic

Elite Incomes in the Early Islamic State

2017 ◽  
pp. 135-150
Author(s):  
Hugh Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Islamic State ◽  
Early Islamic
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