ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS AND RECORDING PROCEDURES IN THE EARLY ISLAMIC STATE

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Abdullah Zaid
Keyword(s):  
Islamic State ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Accounting Systems ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Early Islamic

Despite advances in historical knowledge the precise origins of accounting systems and recording procedures remain uncertain. Recently discovered writings suggest that accounting has played a very important role in various sections of Muslim society since 624 A.D. This paper argues that the accounting systems and recording procedures practiced in Muslim society commenced before the invention of the Arabic numerals in response to religious requirements, especially zakat, a mandatory religious levy imposed on Muslims in the year 2 H.

Islam and the Question of Confessional Religious Identity: The Islamic State, Apostasy, and the Making of a Theology of Violence

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-348
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar H. M.
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Sacred Text ◽  
Political Ontology ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Public Religion

The Islamic State (ISIS) has sought to realign the role of public religion in the modern secular space by proclaiming to contest all forms of apostasy and re-interrogate the conceptual formulations of belief/unbelief in Islam. Through such quests for realignment, it has sought to revive the medieval debate on the question of confessional religious identity which involved definitional disputations concerning true Muslims. The debate surfaced during the formative phase of the Muslim society and led to the engendering of competing sectarian religiosities. For the Islamic State, its urge for reviving this medieval discourse on confessional religious identity of Muslims is embedded in a romantic vision of the abode of pure Islam, to be inhabited only by true Muslims. However, such a geopolitical imaginary is deeply grounded in a sectarian Sunni political ontology coupled with a prejudicial interpretation of jihad. To accomplish its objectives and for enunciating the attributes of the land of pure Islam, the organization has transformed the Qur’an, which is in the intransitive form, into a transitive form so as to theologize the sacred text into a radical instrument of violence. It has also attempted to transfigure the spiritual character of Islam, referred to as the deen (a pluralistic system), into a cult.

Islam, iconoclasm, and the declaration of doctrine

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. D. King
Keyword(s):  
Religious Art ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Umayyad Caliphate ◽  
Early Islamic

The attitude of the early Islamic state towards figurative representations is often cited as a source contributing to the establishment of officially-supported iconoclasm within the Byzantine Empire in A.D. 726. Islam has generally adopted a position opposed to the representational in secular art, and the exclusion of all figurative motifs from Islamic religious art is clear from the first, yet this attitude is not necessarily to be regarded as intrinsically iconoclastic in the true sense of the word; indeed, outside Arabia itself, the only evidence of iconoclasm until the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate in 132/750 is confined to the well-known attack on images and statues carried out on the orders of Yazīd II. b. ‘Abd al-Malik (101–105/720–724). This much discussed outbreak of iconoclasm is well documented by Islamic and Christian sources, but the very fact that it is so specifically associated with Yazīd's Caliphate suggests that it was considered unusual at the time. Although Christian sources carefully record the difficulties of their communities under the Umayyads, the absence of references to image-breaking under Caliphs before Yazīd implies that his action was a rarity worthy of comment: under normal circumstances, it would seem the Muslims left the Christians to use icons and representations or not, as they wished.

scholarly journals Persuasive Technology in The Islamic Perspective: The Principles and Strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdullah Bawazir
Keyword(s):  
Computing System ◽  
Persuasive Technology ◽  
End Users ◽  
Technology In Education ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Interactive Computing ◽  
Values And Beliefs ◽  
Design Factors ◽  
Early Islamic ◽  
Islamic Values

The employment of persuasive technology in education, computing, sales, health, and environment is dramatically increasing. Persuasive technology is powerful in changing the attitudes and behaviours of end users. This paper begins by presenting the ethics of persuasive technology which are relevant to Islamic values and beliefs, and how the concept of persuasion had been applied in Islam practices to influence people. It explores how persuasive technology and its design factors presented in FBM are related to the Islamic practices proven in the Quran and Hadith. Additionally, this paper discusses persuasive technology strategy tools and their activities from Islamic prospective. The paper also examines in depth how Islamic concepts improve the perception of persuasive technology as an interactive computing system which is able to modify attitudes and behaviours. Essentially, this paper also demonstrates how practices and principles of the design factors and strategy tools of persuasive technology have been identified and utilized in early Islamic age. Those principles and strategies are further analyzed from Quran verses and Hadith that are of particular relevance. The conceptual results claim that Islamic principles are a contemporary and universal religion that takes care of the persuasive technology aspects and view of the critically of persuasive technology to Muslim society

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