knights, one expects this knight to be clad ‘in poem more broadly to its own culture and especially mightie armes and siluer shielde’, and would be only to ours. While its excesses have been challenged, for momentarily puzzled on learning that he is wearing example by Stewart 1997:52–89, as the pendulum second-hand armour. The simple pleasure of reading continues to swing, soon one may expect a consolid-a story, as it were for its own sake, is interrupted and ated interest in the poem as both a cultural and a complicated only when we are told that he bears ‘a literary artefact shaped by the intervening centuries, bloodie Crosse’ on his breast as ‘The deare remem-and shaping our perception of them. brance of his dying Lord’. The ‘bloodie Crosse’ These critical movements considered only incid-names him the Red Cross Knight, and, for its first entally Spenser’s declared intention in writing his readers, involves his story in the complexities of poem, even though he announces it on the title-Renaissance religion, one minor example being the page: ‘THE FAERIE QUEENE. Disposed into twelue controversy over the use of commemorative icons, books, Fashioning XII. Morall vertues’, and at the end such as the proclamation by the Lord Deputy in of the 1590 edition declares in the Letter to Raleigh Ireland in 1579 that every horseman wear a red cross that ‘the generall end . . . of all the booke is to fash-on his breast and another on his back. (See R. Smith ion a gentleman or noble person in vertuous and 1955:673.) Another such complexity is the knight’s gentle discipline’ (7–8). He adds that his means of identity: after he slays the dragon, the poem’s doing so is ‘to pourtraict in Arthure, before he was earliest annotator, John Dixon, names him ‘Christe’. king, the image of a braue knight, perfected in the As meanings and associations multiply, the poem is twelue priuate morall vertues, as Aristotle hath exposed to what Spenser most feared and needed deuised’ (18–19). This led earlier historical scholars to control, ‘the daunger of enuy, and suspition of to examine almost exhaustively how the virtues were present time’ (LR12). For its early reception, see defined in the classical and Christian centuries, for Cummings 1971. they assumed that Spenser inherited a tradition of the virtues that flowed from its source in Aristotle’s Criticism