Pilkingtons and the Float-Glass Process: First of the Few

2018 ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
Christopher Layton
Keyword(s):  

My subject is the float process for making flat glass. I would like, first of all, to put the float process into perspective by describing briefly, and in simple terms, the methods used for making flat glass before and at the time of the invention of the float process and then to describe the development of the process itself and the position it occupies in the flat glass industry today. Finally, I would like to describe in as much depth as time allows, three of the main problems which had to be tackled in developing this process. The Egyptians seem to have been the first people to realize what could be done with glass when it is hot and plastic, and they made vessels for cosmetics and perfumes by, it is assumed, trailing molten glass around a shaped core. By Roman times glass was being blown and moulded, cut and engraved, painted and gilded, and the Romans had mastered the plastic character of heat softened glass so fundamental to today’s processes.


2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 1272-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Zhang ◽  
Zejing Chen ◽  
Zhixin Li
Keyword(s):  

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Charnock
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
M.A. Antar ◽  
Rached Ben-Mansour ◽  
Salem Ahmed Al-Dini

Purpose – There are industrial applications for varying speed lid-driven flow and heat transfer such as the float glass process where the glass film stretches or thickens depending on the desired thickness. Hence the tin cavity underneath or the nitrogen cavity above is being driven by a variable speed. The purpose of this paper is to simulate such behavior. Design/methodology/approach – Numerical solution of variable speed lid-driven cavity is carried out with thermal radiation being considered using control volume approach and staggered grid and applying the SIMPLE algorithm. Transient simulation is used for 2D model in the present study. Second order upwind schemes were used for discretization of momentum, energy equations and time. Findings – Under laminar conditions, thermal radiation plays a significant role in the heat transfer characteristics of the lid-driven cavity. This effect is more significant for blackbody radiation and decreases as the surface emissivity decreases. Nusselt number (Nu) behavior lies between these two limiting case profiles considering constant speed profiles of both maximum and minimum lid velocities, respectively. In addition, local Nu values at the tip where higher than those at the top of the cavity that is stagnant. Research limitations/implications – The study is limited to laminar flow case. Practical implications – The applications of this study can be found in float glass process where the glass film stretches or thickens depending on the desired thickness. Hence the tin cavity underneath or the nitrogen cavity above is being driven by a variable speed. Another application involves casting of plastic films. The molten polymer leaves the die with a considerable thickness and high temperature. The film is then trenched to reach its final thickness. In this case, usually there is no actual cavity above or below the film but one can approximate the problem as such. Other similar applications do exist in food drying and processing where the conveyer belt is in portions and their speed may not be the same in different section of the processing oven. Originality/value – To the best of the authors knowledge, no study in the literature addressed the effect of thermal radiation in lid-driven cavities with variable speed


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