The Ancient Silk Road was created 2100 years ago during the Han Dynasty (I-II century BC) to promote trade between China and Europe. The road was more than 7,000 km long and served as a catalyst for development for many centuries. After the 15th century, the Silk Road – and, at the same time, China's dominant role – lost its significance due to geographical discoveries. The dramatic fall in technology and the cost of transportation has led to the Silk Road being forgotten today.
The New Silk Road Initiative (also named ‘One Belt, One Road’ concept) has been China's greatest economic effort ever, with the main objective of stimulating economic development in Asia, Europe and Africa. It consists of two parts: the Belt will rely on major cities along the route that will carry some kind of central economic and commercial functions; while the Road is based on large ports, which together will result in a safe and efficient logistics route.The concept would affect 64% of the world's population (4.4 billion people) and would cover 30% of the world's GDP ($ 21 trillion). In recent years, China's economic growth has slowed down, and Chinese goods have become more and more expensive to rely on their main competitive advantage, the low price. This trend points to the need to examine the possibilities of making the transport of goods more efficient. Asia-Europe rail trade accounts for between 3% and 3.5% of total trade between the continents. It follows that 95-96% of the trade between the two continents is carried out at sea. The exact routes of the New Silk Road Initiative have not yet been fully defined but will consist of several land and sea transport routes. We made a systematic literature review to identify the possible paths of the New Silk Road. The initial search obtained 1.739 entries across all databases, which ended up in 49 relevant publications, but in this study we used only 17 publications due to the specificity of the topicAccording to the majority of the literature, the New Silk Road would consist of three general land routes. The first land route from China to Central Asia and Russia would reach Europe through the Baltic Sea. The second route would run through Central-, West Asia, the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean and Central Europe. This route would affect the V4 countries, especially Hungary. The third route would run through Southeast and South Asia to the Indian Ocean. The Maritime Silk Road would start from the coasts of China through the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean to Africa and Europe; as well as from the Chinese coastal ports through the South China Sea to the Pacific Ocean.
Re-contemplating the South China Sea Issue: Sailing with the Wind of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road
