scholarly journals Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage in Support to Post-war Biak Tourism

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 727-734
Author(s):  
Evi Aryati Arbay ◽  
Bambang Shergi Laksmono
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
United States Army ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intangible Cultural Heritage ◽  
World War ◽  
Dark Tourism ◽  
Intangible Heritage ◽  
War Zone ◽  
Tourism Experience ◽  
Post War

The Biak battle was part of World War II and fought by the United States Army and the Japanese Army in 1944. Out of the 24,000 soldiers from both sides involved in the war, 6,600 were killed; 6,100 of them were the Japanese soldiers. Remnants of war and remains of the fallen soldiers scattered in post-war Biak. The war zone then started to get visits from the Japanese for pilgrimage, remnants of war were unearthed and human remains were cremated and repatriated. The battlefield drew more tourists’ interest for the dark tourism experience. Remnants of war became valuable tangible items while war history and mystical cave atmosphere became intangible items. The study aimed at exploring issues in importance and preservation of tangible and intangible in support to post-war Biak tourism. It turned out that the post-war tangible and intangible heritage in Biak require better handling and management in support to post-war Biak tourism sustainability.

United States Army in World War II: The Western Hemisphere: Guarding the United States and Its Outposts.

1965 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Henry Zamensky ◽  
Stetson Conn ◽  
Rose C. Engelman ◽  
Byron Fairchild
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
United States Army ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
World War

There's a War to Be Won: The United States Army in World War II.

1992 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 1235
Author(s):  
Charles W. Johnson ◽  
Geoffrey Perret
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
United States Army ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War

scholarly journals Economic and Political Reconstruction and Development of FRG in the Period after World War II

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-151
Author(s):  
Mariusz Janik
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
Special Role ◽  
World War ◽  
Monetary Reform ◽  
Post War ◽  
War Production

In the first post-war years, the policy of the Western occupying powers towards Germany was aimed at preventing the economic revival of their former formidable competitor. As a result of these efforts, West Germany rebuilt its economy to the pre-war level later than Great Britain or France. The undoubted shift in the economic development of West Germany began in mid-1948. The impetus for the rapid growth of industrial production was the monetary reform carried out by the Western occupying powers, as well as the inflow of funds under the Marshall Plan. The monetary reform carried out in June 1948 favoured the strengthening of the financial market and was an incentive to invest. The influx of capital under the Marshall Plan had a similar impact on the West Germany’s economy during this period. The western zones of Germany played a special role in this plan. The United States, striving to strengthen its position in these zones as much as possible and use them as a strategic base (aimed, inter alia, against the communist bloc), provided West Germany with a sum of loans and subsidies significantly exceeding the amount of aid provided to other Western European countries. An extremely serious burden for the Western occupation zones was the influx of refugees from neighbouring areas (a total of about 10 million people) and the need to maintain the occupation troops, which directly led to a huge deficit in food resources. Agricultural production fell and ranged only from 66% to 75% of the pre-war production level.

Lice in War and Peace

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-140
Author(s):  
Robert N. Wiedenmann ◽  
J. Ray Fisher
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
The United States ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Human History ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
World War ◽  
Warsaw Ghetto ◽  
Post War

This chapter considers human lice, which have been parasites of humans throughout all human history and transmit a deadly bacteria that has killed millions. Analyzing lice genetics tells of divergence of humans from other apes and when humans began to wear clothing. Human body lice live in clothing and infest people only to feed. Lice spread easily among people in crowded situations and transmit bacteria causing diseases, such as typhus. The chapter relates how lice-transmitted typhus caused jail fever in early England, resulting in the deaths of more prisoners than the death penalty. Lice and typhus worsened the Irish Great Famine, as the disease killed thousands of Irish emigrating to the United States on “coffin ships.” Epidemics of typhus were prevalent in wartime, killing troops in both World War I and World War II as well as civilians in Nazi concentration camps and the Warsaw Ghetto during World War II and immediately after. Post-war use of DDT averted typhus epidemics in Europe and Japan.

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