Intangible Cultural Heritage in Tourism: Research Review and Investigation of Future Agenda

Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) can be a valuable tourism resource for both government and local communities. However, the complex definition and the massive and fragmented nature of ICH data make it hard to review and conclude research trends and future directions of ICH tourism. In this study, 85 keywords extracted from ICH definitions are input in the Web of Science database before collecting papers indexed in the Social Sciences Citation Index, the Arts and Humanities Citation Index, and the Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Social Science and Humanities. Later, a systematic literature review of 418 ICH tourism studies from 76 countries published between 2000 and 2021 were conducted based on three groups of questions. The findings mainly illustrated that: (1) Currently research in ICH tourism is mainly composed of three themes: resource planning and sustainability, the impact of tourism development, and tourist behavior and destination marketing; (2) topics related to food tourism, sacred knowledge, traditional management systems, traditional management systems, legends, and myths can achieve high impact; (3) in the last five years, scholars have reduced using the official full name of ICH in tourism studies, while the category of “social practices, rituals and festive events” has become a hot topic since 2010; (4) ecotourism, culinary tourism, festival tourism, and religious tourism are the most discussed in ICH tourism research, and they will still be intensive topics in near future; (5) future directions in ICH tourism research are resultant of three vectors: place making, technology, and environment. The results present a comprehensive picture of current popular ICH topics and predict future directions in the field of ICH tourism. The systematic review of literature can help contribute to both theoretical construction, heritage preservation, and tourism practices.

DIGITIZATION OF THE HAKKA ANCESTOR WORSHIP CEREMONY

«Мировая церемония предков хакка» - одна из самых влиятельных церемоний поклонения предкам в Китае. В 2011 году это мероприятие было включено в Национальный список нематериального культурного наследия. Благодаря слиянию и сосуществованию нескольких моделей взаимодействия в «церемонии поклонения предкам» и точному пониманию намерений мультимодального взаимодействия синхронизировано представление многоканального восприятия (визуального, звукового и сенсорного). На основе Node.js и Three.js технологий авторами была реализована цифровая система для «церемонии поклонения предкам». Цифровая модель представляет действия в двух залах: Хуайцзу, где можно выразить свои чувства памяти и помолиться за свои семьи, и Юйпин, где можно произвести интерактивные операции, такие как подношение свечей, подношение благовоний и т.п. Тесты показывают, что в системе достигается баланс между производительностью и удобством для пользователя, что дает реальное решение для оцифровки нематериального культурного наследия ритуального типа. Цифровой контент церемонии не ограничен во времени и пространстве, не требует использования сторонних плагинов и имеет быструю доступность, что может способствовать быстрому распространению и развитию «Церемонии предков мира хакка». The Hakka World Ancestor Ceremony is one of the most influential ancestor worship ceremonies in China. In 2011, this event was included in the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage. Due to the fusion and coexistence of several interaction models in the "ancestor worship ceremony" and an accurate understanding of the intentions of multimodal interaction, the representation of multi-channel perception (visual, sound and sensory) is synchronized. Based on Node.js and Three.js technologies, the authors implemented a digital system for the "ancestor worship ceremony". The digital model represents actions in two halls: Huaizu, where you can express your feelings of memory and pray for your families, and Yuping, where you can perform interactive operations, such as offering candles, offering incense, etc. Tests show that the system achieves a balance between performance and user-friendliness, which provides a real solution for digitizing intangible cultural heritage of the "ritual" type. The digital content of the ceremony is not limited in time and space, does not require the use of third-party plug-ins and has rapid availability, which can contribute to the rapid spread and development of the "Ceremony of the Ancestors of the Hakka World".

Research on Tourism Development of Intangible Cultural Heritage Based on Game Theory and Three-Party Simulation

Intangible cultural heritage is not only a precious heritage of humans, but also an ancient and vivid historical and cultural tradition, which contains profound cultural values. In the process of development, the development of intangible cultural heritage tourism faces problems such as the inheritors' not actively inheriting, the government's failure to take corresponding incentives and interventions, and the over-development of intangible cultural heritage development enterprises. Starting from the stakeholders participated in the development of non-heritage tourism, this paper constructs three groups of evolutionary game models, studies the strategic evolution path of each subject, and uses simulation experiments to verify. The game results show that the size of the parameters determines the choice of the final strategy, and the strategic choices of the three players are interrelated. Only by taking precise measures from the perspective of different stakeholders, can be the efficiency and reasonable development of intangible cultural heritage tourism resources be achieved and the regional economic development be supported.

Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Music in Xiangxi, Central China

Intangible cultural heritage of music (ICHM) is an important part of intangible cultural heritage (ICH), and research on ICHM has extremely important theoretical value and practical significance. In this study, we aimed to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of ICHMs and explore the main factors affecting their distribution in Xiangxi, Central China. Methods such as the nearest neighbor index, kernel density estimation, and buffer analysis were used in this study. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) the numbers of traditional music, traditional dance, traditional drama and quyi are 33, 34, 30 and 14, respectively, indicating that quyi is relatively lacking in Xiangxi; 2) the distribution of ICHMs in Xiangxi have spatial heterogeneity, and the main trend is agglomeration. The national ICHMs, provincial ICHMs and municipal ICHMs are mainly concentrated in the south, the west, and the central and northern regions, respectively. The high-density areas of traditional music and traditional dance are located in the south, of traditional drama in the west, and of quyi in the north. 3) The distribution of ICHMs is affected by four factors: namely rivers, topography, GDP and transportation. The 0-3 km buffer zone of the rivers, with 100% of national ICHMs, 83.33% of provincial ICHMs and 84.52% of municipal ICHMs, is the centralized distribution area of ICHMs. 100% of the national ICHMs, 94.44% of the provincial ICHMs and 91.67% of the municipal ICHMs are distributed in hilly (200-500 m) and low mountain areas (500-1000 m). Highways have the greatest impact on the distribution of ICHMs, followed by railways and ordinary roads. The economy has a significant positive impact on ICHM programs; the more developed the economy, the more ICHM projects. The results of this study can provide useful references for the theoretical research and practice management of ICH.

3D technologies for intangible cultural heritage preservation—literature review for selected databases

Conservation of cultural heritage is nowadays a very important aspect of our lives. Thanks to such legacy we gain knowledge about our ancestors, methods of production and ways of their life. The rapid development of 3D technology allows for more and more faithful reflection of this area of life. The rich cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible, can be preserved for future generations due to the use of advanced 3d technologies. They provide the means of documenting, recovering and presenting items of cultural heritage. Not only buildings or monuments are taken into account. An important aspect of our culture is intangible cultural heritage (ICH), including acting, crafting or storytelling, passed down from generation to generation. Due to the rapid development of civilisation and the migration of people, this type of culture is often forgotten. That is why the preservation of ICH is an important element of today world. The main aim of this study, on the basis of the gathered papers, is to identify: (1) the general state of use of 3D digital technologies in ICH; (2) the topics and themes discussed; (3) the technologies used in the study; (4) locations of research centres conducting such studies; and (5) the types of research carried out. The methodology consists of the following main steps: defining study questions, searching query development, selection of publications in Scopus, Web of Knowledge and IEEE Xplore, finally the study execution and the analysis of the obtained results. The results show that for ICH the most often used technologies are: 3D visualisation, 3D modelling, Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality and motion capture systems.

National Music Promotion and Inheritance Strategies Based on the Perspective of Intangible Cultural Heritage

Folk music is a heavy cultural carrier. Today, when culture is flourishing, it still has a unique charm and appeal. The intangible heritage of national music requires modern Chinese to continue to carry forward and inherit it, so that the spirit and characteristic culture contained in it can be smoothly transformed into the fruits of education. For this reason, it will be a feasible idea to promote and inherit national music from the perspective of intangible cultural heritage with academies education as the central medium. The article combines the understanding of intangible cultural heritage and the thinking on the promotion and inheritance of ethnic music from the perspective of intangible heritage, and further explores the significance and strategy of the promotion and inheritance of ethnic music centered on vocal music teaching in colleges and universities, hoping to provide valuable reference for relevant research.