scholarly journals Supplementary material to "Using CALIOP to constrain blowing snow emissions of sea salt aerosols over Arctic and Antarctic sea ice"

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayue Huang ◽  
Lyatt Jaeglé ◽  
Viral Shah
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosols ◽  
Antarctic Sea Ice ◽  
Supplementary Material

scholarly journals Using CALIOP to constrain blowing snow emissions of sea salt aerosols over Arctic and Antarctic sea ice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayue Huang ◽  
Lyatt Jaeglé ◽  
Viral Shah
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosols ◽  
Antarctic Sea Ice ◽  
Surface Snow ◽  
Frost Flowers

Abstract. Sea salt aerosols (SSA) produced on sea ice surfaces by blowing snow events or lifting of frost flower crystals have been suggested as important sources of SSA during winter over polar regions. The magnitude and relative contribution of blowing snow and frost flower SSA sources, however, remain uncertain. In this study, we use 2007–2009 aerosol extinction coefficients from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument onboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite and the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model to constrain sources of SSA over Arctic and Antarctic sea ice. CALIOP retrievals show elevated levels of aerosol extinctions (10–20 Mm−1) in the lower troposphere (0–2 km) over polar regions during cold months. The standard GEOS-Chem model underestimates the CALIOP aerosol extinctions by 50–70 %. Adding frost flower emissions of SSA fails to explain the CALIOP observations. With blowing snow SSA emissions, the model captures the overall spatial and seasonal variation of CALIOP aerosol extinctions over the polar regions, but overestimates springtime aerosol extinctions over Arctic sea ice and winter-spring extinctions over Antarctic sea ice. We reduce the surface snow salinity over multi-year sea ice and infer the monthly FYI snow salinity required to minimize the discrepancy between CALIOP extinctions and the GEOS-Chem simulation. The empirically-derived snow salinity shows a decreasing trend in between fall and spring. The optimized blowing snow model with inferred snow salinities generally agrees with CALIOP extinction observations to within 10 % over sea ice, but underestimates aerosol extinctions over the regions where frost flowers are expected to have a large influence. Frost flowers could thus contribute indirectly to SSA production by increasing the local surface snow salinity and, therefore, the SSA production from blowing snow. We carry out a case study of an Arctic blowing snow SSA feature predicted by GEOS-Chem and sampled by CALIOP. Using backtrajectories, we link this feature to a blowing snow event which occurred 2 days earlier over first-year sea ice and was also detected by CALIOP.

scholarly journals Using CALIOP to constrain blowing snow emissions of sea salt aerosols over Arctic and Antarctic sea ice

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 16253-16269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayue Huang ◽  
Lyatt Jaeglé ◽  
Viral Shah
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
First Year ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Aerosol Extinction ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Extinction Coefficients ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosols ◽  
Antarctic Sea Ice ◽  
Frost Flowers

Abstract. Sea salt aerosols (SSA) produced on sea ice surfaces by blowing snow events or the lifting of frost flower crystals have been suggested as important sources of SSA during winter over polar regions. The magnitude and relative contribution of blowing snow and frost flower SSA sources, however, remain uncertain. In this study, we use 2007–2009 aerosol extinction coefficients from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument onboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite and the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model to constrain sources of SSA over Arctic and Antarctic sea ice. CALIOP retrievals show elevated levels of aerosol extinction coefficients (10–20 Mm−1) in the lower troposphere (0–2 km) over polar regions during cold months. The standard GEOS-Chem model underestimates the CALIOP extinction coefficients by 50 %–70 %. Adding frost flower emissions of SSA fails to explain the CALIOP observations. With blowing snow SSA emissions, the model captures the overall spatial and seasonal variation of CALIOP aerosol extinction coefficients over the polar regions but underestimates aerosol extinction over Arctic sea ice in fall to early winter and overestimates winter-to-spring extinction over Antarctic sea ice. We infer the monthly surface snow salinity on first-year sea ice required to minimize the discrepancy between CALIOP extinction coefficients and the GEOS-Chem simulation. The empirically derived snow salinity shows a decreasing trend between fall and spring. The optimized blowing snow model with inferred snow salinities generally agrees with CALIOP extinction coefficients to within 10 % over sea ice but underestimates them over the regions where frost flowers are expected to have a large influence. Frost flowers could thus contribute indirectly to SSA production by increasing the local surface snow salinity and, therefore, the SSA production from blowing snow. We carry out a case study of an Arctic blowing snow SSA feature predicted by GEOS-Chem and sampled by CALIOP. Using back trajectories, we link this feature to a blowing snow event that occurred 2 days earlier over first-year sea ice and was also detected by CALIOP.

scholarly journals Frost flowers and sea-salt aerosols over seasonal sea-ice areas in northwestern Greenland during winter–spring

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 8577-8598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiichiro Hara ◽  
Sumito Matoba ◽  
Motohiro Hirabayashi ◽  
Tetsuhide Yamasaki
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosols ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Frost Flowers ◽  
Salt Fractionation

Abstract. Sea salts and halogens in aerosols, frost flowers, and brine play an important role in atmospheric chemistry in polar regions. Simultaneous sampling and observations of frost flowers, brine, and aerosol particles were conducted around Siorapaluk in northwestern Greenland during December 2013 to March 2014. Results show that water-soluble frost flower and brine components are sea-salt components (e.g., Na+, Cl−, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, Br−, and iodine). Concentration factors of sea-salt components of frost flowers and brine relative to seawater were 1.14–3.67. Sea-salt enrichment of Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, and halogens (Cl−, Br−, and iodine) in frost flowers is associated with sea-salt fractionation by precipitation of mirabilite and hydrohalite. High aerosol number concentrations correspond to the occurrence of higher abundance of sea-salt particles in both coarse and fine modes, and blowing snow and strong winds. Aerosol number concentrations, particularly in coarse mode, are increased considerably by release from the sea-ice surface under strong wind conditions. Sulfate depletion by sea-salt fractionation was found to be limited in sea-salt aerosols because of the presence of non-sea-salt (NSS) SO42−. However, coarse and fine sea-salt particles were found to be rich in Mg. Strong Mg enrichment might be more likely to proceed in fine sea-salt particles. Magnesium-rich sea-salt particles might be released from the surface of snow and slush layer (brine) on sea ice and frost flowers. Mirabilite-like and ikaite-like particles were identified only in aerosol samples collected near new sea-ice areas. From the field evidence and results from earlier studies, we propose and describe sea-salt cycles in seasonal sea-ice areas.

scholarly journals The importance of wind-blown snow redistribution to snow accumulation on Bellingshausen Sea ice

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (57) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine C. Leonard ◽  
Ted Maksym
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Antarctic Sea Ice ◽  
Drifting Snow ◽  
Bellingshausen Sea ◽  
Ice Mass Balance ◽  
High Winds

AbstractSnow distribution is a dominating factor in sea-ice mass balance in the Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica, through its roles in insulating the ice and contributing to snow-ice production. the wind has long been qualitatively recognized to influence the distribution of snow accumulation on sea ice, but the relative importance of drifting and blowing snow has not been quantified over Antarctic sea ice prior to this study. the presence and magnitude of drifting snow were monitored continuously along with wind speeds at two sites on an ice floe in the Bellingshausen Sea during the October 2007 Sea Ice Mass Balance in the Antarctic (SIMBA) experiment. Contemporaneous precipitation measurements collected on board the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer and accumulation measurements by automated ice mass-balance buoys (IMBs) allow us to document the proportion of snowfall that accumulated on level ice surfaces in the presence of high winds and blowing-snow conditions. Accumulation on the sea ice during the experiment averaged <0.01 m w.e. at both IMB sites, during a period when European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyses predicted >0.03 m w.e. of precipitation on the ice floe. Accumulation changes on the ice floe were clearly associated with drifting snow and high winds. Drifting-snow transport during the SIMBA experiment was supply-limited. Using these results to inform a preliminary study using a blowing-snow model, we show that over the entire Southern Ocean approximately half of the precipitation over sea ice could be lost to leads.

Supplementary material to "Sea ice as a source of sea salt aerosol to Greenland ice cores: a model-based study"

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael H. Rhodes ◽  
Xin Yang ◽  
Eric W. Wolff ◽  
Joseph R. McConnell ◽  
Markus M. Frey
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosol ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Supplementary Material

scholarly journals First direct observation of sea salt aerosol production from blowing snow above sea ice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus M. Frey ◽  
Sarah J. Norris ◽  
Ian M. Brooks ◽  
Philip S. Anderson ◽  
Kouichi Nishimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Open Ocean ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosol ◽  
Drifting Snow

Abstract. Two consecutive cruises in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, in winter 2013 provided the first direct observations of sea salt aerosol (SSA) production from blowing snow above sea ice, thereby validating a model hypothesis to account for winter time SSA maxima in polar regions not explained otherwise. Blowing or drifting snow always lead to increases in SSA during and after storms. Observed aerosol gradients suggest that net production of SSA takes place near the top of the blowing or drifting snow layer. The observed relative increase of SSA concentrations with wind speed suggests that on average the corresponding aerosol mass flux during storms was equal or larger above sea ice than above the open ocean, demonstrating the importance of the blowing snow source for SSA in winter and early spring. For the first time it is shown that snow on sea ice is depleted in sulphate relative to sodium with respect to sea water. Similar depletion observed in the aerosol suggests that most sea salt originated from snow on sea ice and not the open ocean or leads, e.g. on average 93 % during the 8 June and 12 August 2013 period. A mass budget calculation shows that sublimation of snow even with low salinity (

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document