scholarly journals review of : Real time rainfall estimation using microwave signals of cellular communication networks: a case study of Faisalabad, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anonymous
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Cellular Communication ◽  
Rainfall Estimation ◽  
Microwave Signals

scholarly journals Real time rainfall estimation using microwave signals of cellular communication networks: a case study of Faisalabad, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sohail Afzal ◽  
Syed Hamid Hussain Shah ◽  
Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema ◽  
Riaz Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Cellular Communication ◽  
Rainfall Estimation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Spatial Error ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract. Water balance estimate requires high spatio-temporal water balance components and rainfall is one of them. Rainfall is stochastic variable, which varies with respect to space and time. There are different methods for rainfall estimation such as rain gauge, satellite data but the resolution of these methods are very low, which cause over and underestimation of rainfall. A real time rainfall estimation mechanism is tested using commercial cellular networks in Faisalabad, district of Pakistan. The microwave links are used to quantify rainfall intensities and estimate rainfall at high spatio-temporal resolution. The attenuation in electromagnetic signals due to varying rainfall intensities is measured by taking difference between the power transmitted and power received during rainy period and is the measure of the path-averaged rainfall intensity. This rainfall related distortion is converted into rainfall intensity. This technique is applied on a standard microwave communication network used by a cellular communication system, comprising 35 microwave links, and it allow for observation of near-surface rainfall at the temporal resolutions of 15 min. Signal data-set of year 2012–2014 and 2015–2017 is used for calibration and validation respectively with three rain gauge data-set. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by comparing the daily cumulative rainfall depth of University of Agriculture Faisalabad rain gauge (UAF-RG), Ayub Agriculture Research rain gauge(AR-RG) and Water and Sanitation Authority rain gauge (WASA-RG) with link based rainfall depths estimated from L2, L28 and L34 respectively, reaching r2 up to 0.97. UAF-RG is considered reference to study the spatial variability of rainfall of all the selected links within the study area, observed 10 %–60 % average spatial error of all links with the reference UAF-RG. All the results show that microwave links are potentially useful compared to the low resolution methods of rainfall estimation and can be used for effective water resources management.

Pollution based real time control strategies for combined sewer systems

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Weinreich ◽  
Wolfgang Schilling ◽  
Ane Birkely ◽  
Tallak Moland
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Simple Extension ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Tunnel System

This paper presents results from an application of a newly developed simulation tool for pollution based real time control (PBRTC) of urban drainage systems. The Oslo interceptor tunnel is used as a case study. The paper focuses on the reduction of total phosphorus Ptot and ammonia-nitrogen NH4-N overflow loads into the receiving waters by means of optimized operation of the tunnel system. With PBRTC the total reduction of the Ptot load is 48% and of the NH4-N load 51%. Compared to the volume based RTC scenario the reductions are 11% and 15%, respectively. These further reductions could be achieved with a relatively simple extension of the operation strategy.

Logistics management in China: A case study of Haier

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Jason C.H. Chen ◽  
Binshan Lin ◽  
Lingli Li ◽  
Patty S. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Collaborative Advantage ◽  
Logistics Systems ◽  
Business Partners ◽  
Business Operations ◽  
Global Brand ◽  
The Many ◽  
Foreign Competitors

Chinese businesses began with a weak foundation in the intense world trade environment, similar to the many other companies that grew from developing countries. How were these Chinese businesses able to compete with foreign competitors armed with strong capital structures and efficient communication networks? Haier is an excellent example of how Chinese companies have successfully adapted to and prospered in the global economy, using information technology as a strategic weapon to improve its competitive advantage and further to create collaborative advantage. Haier's growth is miraculous: in less than two decades, it grew from a state-owned refrigerator factory into an innovative international giant. The company has become China's first global brand and the fifth largest appliance seller in the world. What are the secrets of Haier's success? Many researchers have conducted extensive studies on Haier's management and found the key is Management Information Systems such as e-Commerce and logistics systems that improve business operations between its suppliers, customers, and business partners. This article recounts the journey of Haier's achievements to excellence through its MIS, and provides analyses of the company's business model, the market chain management model.

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