The products and processes complexity, the evolution and the fast obsolescence of technologies, and the difficulties in reaching new geographical or specialized markets oblige the companies to reinforce their strategy at the international level. The objective of this chapter is to show how these operations affect not only the competitive advantages of the firms but also the comparative advantages of the countries. In the literature, several theories and conceptual frameworks exist to explain a firm's internationalization strategy and the influences of different factors that affect the choice of entry. The internationalization logic is the result of a multi-field step. The intensification of internationalization is explained as much by external factors (political-regular and socio-economic conditions, technological context, industrial competing dynamics) and by specific companies factors (positioning, distinctive resources, core competences and innovation, etc.). The global competitive environment varies both by industry and by country.
Barcelona’s science diplomacy: towards an ecosystem-driven internationalization strategy
