Epilogue

The closing chapter focuses on two events at Dove Cottage in 1935: a transatlantic radio broadcast of Grasmere sounds to North America, and the opening of a new museum at Dove Cottage. These two events offer us perspectives through which to assess the multiple threads that run throughout this book: globalism and nationalism; accessibility and preservation; the progress of technology and a growing sense of cultural heritage; the pressures of modern life and the quest for rest and recreation; national defence and nature conservation. The chapter then gives a final consideration to the engrained traveller / tourist antithesis: how the district’s cultural landscape has been constructed through a series of competing dynamics, broadly represented by ‘democratic’ ideas of enlarging public accessibility and more ‘exclusive’ conceptions of how we should ‘worthily’ enjoy nature. Throughout, Wordsworth’s vision and language have continued to be adapted both to promote and protect, culminating in the establishment of the Lake District National Park in 1951 and, most recently, to its designation as a World Heritage Site in 2017.

The Effect of Signaling Latencies and Node Refractory States on the Dynamics of Networks

We describe the construction and theoretical analysis of a framework derived from canonical neurophysiological principles that model the competing dynamics of incident signals into nodes along directed edges in a network. The framework describes the dynamics between the offset in the latencies of propagating signals, which reflect the geometry of the edges and conduction velocities, and the internal refractory dynamics and processing times of the downstream node receiving the signals. This framework naturally extends to the construction of a perceptron model that takes into account such dynamic geometric considerations. We first describe the model in detail, culminating with the model of a geometric dynamic perceptron. We then derive upper and lower bounds for a notion of optimal efficient signaling between vertex pairs based on the structure of the framework. Efficient signaling in the context of the framework we develop here means that there needs to be a temporal match between the arrival time of the signals relative to how quickly nodes can internally process signals. These bounds reflect numerical constraints on the compensation of the timing of signaling events of upstream nodes attempting to activate downstream nodes they connect into that preserve this notion of efficiency. When a mismatch between signal arrival times and the internal states of activated nodes occurs, it can cause a breakdown in the signaling dynamics of the network. In contrast to essentially all of the current state of the art in machine learning, this work provides a theoretical foundation for machine learning and intelligence architectures based on the timing of node activations and their abilities to respond rather than necessary changes in synaptic weights. At the same time, the theoretical ideas we developed are guiding the discovery of experimentally testable new structure-function principles in the biological brain.

TWO-OPINIONS-DYNAMICS GENERATED BY INFLEXIBLES AND NON-CONTRARIAN AND CONTRARIAN FLOATERS

We assume a community whose members adopt one of two opinions [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]. Each member appears as an inflexible, or as a non-contrarian or contrarian floater. An inflexible sticks to its opinion, whereas a floater may change into a floater of the alternative opinion. The occurrence of this change is governed by the local majority rule: members meet in groups of a fixed size, and a floater then changes its opinion provided it is a minority in the group. Subsequently, a non-contrarian floater keeps the opinion as adopted under the local majority rule, whereas a contrarian floater adopts the alternative opinion. Whereas the effects of on the one hand inflexibles and on the other hand non-contrarians and contrarians have previously been studied separately, the current approach allows us to gain insight in the effect of their combined presence in a community. Given fixed proportions of inflexibles [Formula: see text] for the two opinions, and fixed fractions of contrarians [Formula: see text] among the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] floaters, we derive the update equation [Formula: see text] for the overall support for opinion [Formula: see text] at time [Formula: see text], given [Formula: see text]. The update equation is derived respectively for local group sizes 1, 2 and 3. The associated dynamics generated by repeated local updates is then determined to identify its asymptotic steady configuration. The full opinion flow diagram is thus obtained, showing conditions in terms of the parameters for each opinion to eventually win the competing dynamics. Various dynamical scenarios are thus exhibited, and it is derived that relatively small densities of inflexibles allow for more variation in the qualitative outcome of the dynamics than higher densities of inflexibles.

Non-equilibrium Phase Transitions in 2D Small-World Networks: Competing Dynamics

This article offers a detailed analysis of the Ising model in 2D small-world networks with competing Glauber and Kawasaki dynamics. The non-equilibrium stationary state phase transitions are obtained in these networks. The phase transitions are discussed, and the phase diagrams are obtained via Monte Carlo simulations and finite-size analyzing. We find that as the addition of links increases the phase transition temperature increases and the transition competing probability of tricritical point decreases. For the competition of the two dynamics, ferromagnetic to anti-ferromagnetic phase transitions and the critical endpoints are found in the small-world networks.

Habitus, spatial capital and making place: Housing developers and the spatial praxis of Johannesburg’s inner-city regeneration

This paper presents a sociology of housing developers, stressing the contingent, socially and spatially embedded nature of their practices. It complicates prevailing views of developers and demonstrates how urban development is, in fact, a spatial praxis requiring adaptability and capacities to adjust dispositions and practices to suit the particular environments in which it takes place. A growing body of work tries to understand the motivations and practices of property developers. While this has contributed to understandings of developers’ networks, the ways they understand their roles and the ways different national or regional contexts shape approaches, it largely lacks a spatial perspective, and does not account for the contingency, fluidity and adaptability of developers’ actions. Most importantly, it does not theorize how experiences in space shape practices. Developers are still largely presented as powerful actors who are able to exercise domination over space in relatively straight-forward, linear ways. In contrast, in this paper I demonstrate that developers are influenced by competing dynamics and agendas, and actively adapt their strategies and activities in accordance with the demands and realities of particular places. Building on the work of Centner (2008) and Marom (2014), the paper further develops the concepts ‘spatial capital’ and ‘spatial habitus’ and attempts to use them to make sense of the practices of property developers and affordable housing providers working in inner-city Johannesburg

Disentanglement of excited-state dynamics with implications for FRET measurements: two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy of a BODIPY-functionalized cavitand

Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy of energy transfer and competing dynamics highlights how conformational changes create issues with lifetime-based FRET measurements.

Generating prosperity, creating crisis: impacts of resource development on diverse groups in northern communities

Northern Canada illustrates the contradictory dynamics in resource development – at once generating prosperity and inclusion within some communities and for some people, and creating or perpetuating crisis in some communities and exclusion for some people. Existing literature related to resource extraction and development focuses on the impacts on the environment and government regulatory mechanisms. Few authors or policy makers pay attention to how multiple and diverse groups within communities are affected by resource development. Building from research in a community-university research alliance, the authors argue that these competing dynamics are initiated and sustained through resource development projects and have disproportionate effects on historically marginalized groups within northern communities. This article presents the results of a comprehensive scoping review of the literature related to the social and economic impacts of resource extraction in Northern Canada. Some of the impacts of resource extraction clearly generate prosperity, while others can move communities towards crises and some do both. Using intersectionality, we argue that policy makers, especially those responsible for community development and regulating resource development projects, require a multilayered analysis to understand and redress the unequal effects of resource development on northern communities.