Understanding How International Students from the Caribbean Arrive at the Decision to Remain within the United States Post-Graduation and the Connection to Brain Drain

Using a phenomenological research design and a sample of six international students, who remained within the United States post-completion of their highest earned degree, the authors examined the underlying considerations participants made during their decision-making process. The interview questions posed to participants included the following: (i) what experiences have led you to remain within the United States after your highest level of education, (ii) tell me about the process you undertook towards arriving at that decision, and (iii) tell me about people at your institution who were instrumental in helping you make that decision. The results revealed that all six participants relied on the following considerations: economical, political, and social, which contributed to their decision. For all the participants, lack of job opportunities and receiving low salaries or wages back home played a key role in their decision to remain within the United States.

Introduction

This introductory chapter lays out the key questions of the book. It explains the background assumptions at play and the key philosophical commitments supporting the different arguments in the book. This chapter also explains the key arguments of the following chapters and how they come together to support a partial theory of immigrations that avoids both open borders and complete control of immigration on the part of states. It also explains how the theoretical framework defended in the first part of the book affects the applied questions pursued in the second part of the book, such as the ethics of asylum, family migration schemes, the brain drain, and immigration enforcement.

Immigration, Self-Determination, and the Brain Drain*

This chapter argues that the immigration arrangements of liberal states in the area of skilled migration can sometimes contribute to the inability of citizens in poor countries to secure their human rights to health care and education. It argues that because liberal states have a duty not to contribute to harm abroad, they should not implement migration arrangements that lead to a situation whereby vulnerable populations are left without adequate access to important human rights. The upshot of the discussion is that liberal states do not only have a prima facie right to exclude but also a duty to exclude when the relevant conditions are met.

VIRTUAL LABOR MIGRATION

The concept of «virtual labour migration» and the main reasons for its emergenceand spread in current conditions was defined. The consequences of the spread of remote work in analytical activities and the collection and structuring of information were outlined. The connection between the spread of «virtual labour migration» and the «brain drain» and the prospect of implementing innovative projects has been identified. The main threats to production organisation in the long-term use of remote work and involvement in «virtual labour migrants» tasks are highlighted.

On some problems of public policy to combat poverty and income inequality

. The article examines how in modern Russia since the beginning of the 90s of the last century, poverty has formed as a mass phenomenon, reveals the specific features of this phenomenon, which can be called “new poverty”, as well as some new factors contributing to the replenishment of marginalized layers. It shows how the poverty of workers affects the quality of the country's labor potential, what tasks in these conditions face social policy. Purpose of work: to identify why overcoming poverty currently remains largely an unresolved problem that threatens the country's economic security. It is concluded that the methods used to assess poverty and inequality do not fully assess the extent and nature of the phenomenon under study, that it is not this fate for centuries, but is largely man-made, and the social policy of the state can be a factor in the marginalization of the population. It is proved that the depreciation of labor is not a factor of competitiveness, but a factor in the destruction of labor potential and brain drain. Therefore, the main thing in solving the problem of poverty is to ensure decent income from work.

Resettling Afghan and Iraqi interpreters employed by Western armies: The Contradictions of the Migration–Security Nexus

This article develops a novel analytical framework for capturing the multiple, competing configurations that the migration-security nexus invokes in discourse and practice, combining insights from critical migration and security scholarship. The framework’s application is illustrated with an empirical case study of the protection and relocation of Afghan and Iraqi former local interpreters and other locally employed civilians working for Western armies. The analysis demonstrates that locally employed civilians (LECs) are simultaneously considered security actors in the East and security risks in the West, the ‘best and brightest’ causing brain drain and potential terrorists when crossing borders, both ‘model migrants’ and threats to western values. By uncovering the nexus’s multiple configurations and its contradictions, the framework supports the project of denaturalizing the migration-security nexus, while also showing that the discourses and practices justified through its various configurations include the legitimation of border violence and the denial of protection to migrants.

Brain drain and economic growth: evidence of productivity growth from brain circulation

This paper analyzes the effect of the so-called ‘brain drain’ on economic growth through the channel of growth in total factor productivity. We analyze panel data that measure the severity of brain drain, which are from IMD and the U.S. National Science Foundation. Our analysis shows that middle-income countries have more brain drain compared to the group of high-income countries. Also, emerging economies that grow fast tend to experience more brain drain. Our results from fixed effects regression models show that that brain drain has a significant and positive impact on economic growth, and the main channel is productivity growth. This can be considered as evidence of the positive effects of ‘brain circulation’, which is one of the brain drain phenomena that settlement of the talents in advanced countries can eventually help improve the productivity of home country by the sharing of advanced technologies and skills around them with colleagues in motherland. Therefore, a strategy of utilizing overseas resident talents should also be considered, alongside the brain-attraction policy.

Brain drain in microfinance institutions: the role of gender and organizational factors

Purpose Uncontrollable brain drain (employees’ turnover) has been found to hamper humanitarian and sustainable objectives of socially oriented organizations. Hence, this study aims to explore the roles of gender and organizational-level factors on the rate of employees’ turnover in microfinance institutions (MFIs). Design/methodology/approach The study used an unbalanced panel data of 235 MFIs spanning the period 2010–2019. Based on the availability of the required data set on the World Bank catalogue (in collaboration with Microfinance Information Exchange-MIX Market), this study covers four South Asian countries, namely, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Then, the authors analyzed the data using the conventional panel data regression techniques (e.g. fixed effects model and random effects model). Findings The regression results revealed that women leaders (board members) could significantly reduce the employee turnover rate of MFIs. Although the efficiency wage hypothesis is supported in this study, it depends on the profit orientation of the MFIs. This study also confirmed that financial sustainability and donations have helped MFIs to reduce their employees’ turnover, which reiterates the image and brand value effect of MFIs. Moreover, the overall gender development and legal status (e.g. Bank and Non-Bank Financial Institutions) have also been found to have an effect on employees’ turnover based on the sub-sample analysis. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the study is among the first to investigate the impact of gender and institutional characteristics on employees’ turnover based on a large and recent panel dataset from selected South Asian countries.