AbstractPredation is one of the driving forces that shaped the marine ecosystems through time. Apart from the anti-predatory strategies adopted by the prey, the predatory outcome is often indirectly influenced by the other members of the ecological community. Association between organisms are often found to influence the outcome and the evolution of such association may have been guided by such interactions. Mollusc-burnacle association, although common, is not explored to assess if the epibiont offers the molluscs any protection against predation (associational resistance) or increases the risk by attracting predators (shared doom). Using a series of controlled experiments with a drilling predator (Paratectonatica tigrina), its prey (Pirenella cingulata) and an epibiont (Amphibalanus amphitrite), we evaluated the effect of epibionts on the drilling behavior of the predator by documenting the successful attack (Drilling frequency, DF), and handling time. Our results show that the prey with epibionts are significantly less likely to be drilled when the predator has sufficient choice of prey, consistent with the tenets of the associational resistance. The preference of choosing the non-encrusted prey, however, diminishes with fewer available prey. The handling time is significantly higher in the attacks on the encrusted prey than non-encrusted prey, even though the barnacles are not drilled. Although the proximity of the drilling site to encrustation tends to increase the handling time, the size of encrustation does not have any effect. Because the profitability of prey largely depends on the ratio of handling time and the energetic yield from consuming the prey, the increase in handling time due to encrustation makes it less profitable for the predator. The role of encrustation as a deterrent to predation might also explain the complex shell architecture in some prey gastropods that increases the likelihood of encrustation besides providing direct resistance against predation.
The role of CO2 hypogean fluids in marine ecosystems and carbonate buildups in an hyper-extended basin. Focus: The Aptian-Albian of the Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Spain.
