scholarly journals HIV-positive parents disclosure-related preparation activities in Kenya

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja ◽  
Gary J Burkholder ◽  
Aimee Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Support Group ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological ◽  
Timely Delivery

Background. HIV disclosure from parent to child is a complex and challenging issue that needs to be approached carefully. Little is known about how parents prepare for and perform disclosure to children in resource-poor nations and what resources are needed. This study was conducted to describe the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process in Kenya. Methods. This qualitative phenomenological study's data was collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews with 34 participants consisting of HIV-positive parents, HIV-positive and negative children, and healthcare professionals. The Van Kaam method was used to analyze the data. Results. Parents take years to prepare for disclosure, proceeding when they perceive themselves capable and ready; and their children are receptive to the news. Preparation activities include thinking about and making disclosure plans, reading information, teaching children about the disease without disclosure while improving the parent-child relationship, praying regularly and attending religious activities, seeking counseling, and attending support group meetings. Conclusion. Parents perform a number of activities to get themselves and their children ready for disclosure. These activities are crucial in the timely delivery of disclosure. Understanding the importance of these activities helps healthcare professionals assist parents to deliver disclosure faster after diagnosis of illness.

scholarly journals HIV-positive parents disclosure-related preparation activities in Kenya

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja ◽  
Gary J Burkholder ◽  
Aimee Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Support Group ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological ◽  
Timely Delivery

Background. HIV disclosure from parent to child is a complex and challenging issue that needs to be approached carefully. Little is known about how parents prepare for and perform disclosure to children in resource-poor nations and what resources are needed. This study was conducted to describe the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process in Kenya. Methods. This qualitative phenomenological study's data was collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews with 34 participants consisting of HIV-positive parents, HIV-positive and negative children, and healthcare professionals. The Van Kaam method was used to analyze the data. Results. Parents take years to prepare for disclosure, proceeding when they perceive themselves capable and ready; and their children are receptive to the news. Preparation activities include thinking about and making disclosure plans, reading information, teaching children about the disease without disclosure while improving the parent-child relationship, praying regularly and attending religious activities, seeking counseling, and attending support group meetings. Conclusion. Parents perform a number of activities to get themselves and their children ready for disclosure. These activities are crucial in the timely delivery of disclosure. Understanding the importance of these activities helps healthcare professionals assist parents to deliver disclosure faster after diagnosis of illness.

scholarly journals Child, parent, and healthcare professionals’ perspectives on HIV infection status disclosure to children

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja ◽  
Gary J Burkholder ◽  
Aimee Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Art Consumption ◽  
The Right ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological

Background. HIV disclosure is a challenging process for parents and healthcare professionals. The majority of HIV-infected persons live in Sub-Saharan Africa where HIV disclosure guidelines for a parent's and a child's illness are nonexistent. While there are two theoretical models of HIV disclosure, their utility in explaining disclosure in African cultures is largely unknown. Methods. This qualitative phenomenological study was conducted in Kenya to describe the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process. Thirty four participants consisting of 16 HIV-positive parents, 7 HIV-positive children, 5 HIV-negative children, and 6 healthcare professionals were engaged in in-depth, semistructured interviews. Interview data were analyzed using the modified Van Kaam method. Results. HIV disclosure is a complex process involving factors such as a parent's and child's state of health, ART consumption, stigma/discrimination, and sexuality concerns. Parents take years to prepare for and perform disclosure of theirs and/or their children's illnesses to their infected and noninfected children. They perform disclosure when they feel ready in stages, based on the birth order of their children, the perception of “the right time,” the child's understanding and maturity level, and whose illness(es) they intend to disclose at the time of disclosure. Conclusion. HIV disclosure is challenging and each disclosure session performed is planned and geared to the particular child receiving disclosure. Parents and healthcare professionals are challenged by disclosure and can benefit from creation of HIV disclosure guidelines accompanied by culturally sensitive manuals and training programs aimed at parents and healthcare professionals to ease the process of disclosure.

scholarly journals Parents' phases and children's stages of HIV disclosure

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja ◽  
Gary J Burkholder ◽  
Aimee Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Full Disclosure ◽  
Unknown Status ◽  
Living Children ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological Study ◽  
Hiv Negative

Background: HIV-positive parents are challenged with disclosure to their children. Some do not disclose at all, others disclose to some children, and many take years to fully disclose to all their children. Methods: This qualitative phenomenological study was conducted in Kenya to describe the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process. Sixteen HIV-positive parents were engaged in in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Interview data were analyzed using the modified Van Kaam method. Results: Parents had a total of 37 living children; 15 HIV-positive, 11 HIV-negative, and 11 of unknown HIV status. Parents went through four phases (secrecy, exploratory, readiness, full disclosure) of disclosure; most admitted needing healthcare professionals’ help to move their children through the three child stages (no, partial, full) of disclosure . Most parents were in between the exploratory and full disclosure phases but had taken years to navigate these phases. Twelve children (HIV-negative and unknown status) had full disclosure of their parents’ illnesses, nine HIV-positive children had full disclosure of their own and their parents’ illnesses, and 10 children (five HIV-positive, four unknown status, and one HIV-negative) had partial disclosure of their own and/or their parents’ illnesses. Parents had indefinite plans to disclose to the six children with no disclosure. Conclusion: Despite being challenged with disclosure, parents progressively navigated the disclosure phases and fully disclosed to the majority of their children. However, the creation of HIV disclosure guidelines, services, and programs would help hasten the time it takes for them to fully disclose to all their children.

scholarly journals Healthcare professionals' perspectives on HIV disclosure of a parent's and a child's illness in Kenya

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja ◽  
Gary J Burkholder ◽  
Aimee Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Clinical Officer ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Asking Questions ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological

Background: Many HIV-affected families have both parent(s) and child(ren) infected. HIV disclosure to children continues to be a great global challenge for HIV-positive parents and healthcare professionals (HCPs); parents and HCPs differ on how and when to disclose to children. Methods: Six HCPs including a physician, clinical officer, psychologist, registered nurse, social worker, and a peer educator participated in a larger qualitative phenomenological study conducted to describe the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process in Kenya. Each HCP underwent an in-depth, semi-structured interview; transcribed data were analyzed using the modified Van Kaam method in NVivo8. Results: Despite HCPs providing parents with regular advice on the benefits of HIV disclosure, fear of stigma, discrimination, and disclosure consequences caused parents to delay disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s illness to their HIV-negative and positive children respectively for lengthy periods. While awaiting parental consent for full disclosure, HCPs were forced to provide age-appropriate disease-related information to children. HCPs preference however, was to fully disclose to children in their parents’ presence at the clinic, when children started asking questions and/or displayed maturity and understanding of the illness. Conclusion: Parents are known to prefer disclosing to their children at a time and place of their choosing. Conversely, it appears that HCPs may prefer to disclose to children when they judge the time as being right. For favorable disclosure outcomes, further studies are needed to reconcile the most suitable timing, setting, and person to disclose to HIV-positive and negative children.

scholarly journals Child, parent, and healthcare professionals’ perspectives on HIV infection status disclosure to children

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja ◽  
Gary J Burkholder ◽  
Aimee Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Art Consumption ◽  
The Right ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological

Background. HIV disclosure is a challenging process for parents and healthcare professionals. The majority of HIV-infected persons live in Sub-Saharan Africa where HIV disclosure guidelines for a parent's and a child's illness are nonexistent. While there are two theoretical models of HIV disclosure, their utility in explaining disclosure in African cultures is largely unknown. Methods. This qualitative phenomenological study was conducted in Kenya to describe the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process. Thirty four participants consisting of 16 HIV-positive parents, 7 HIV-positive children, 5 HIV-negative children, and 6 healthcare professionals were engaged in in-depth, semistructured interviews. Interview data were analyzed using the modified Van Kaam method. Results. HIV disclosure is a complex process involving factors such as a parent's and child's state of health, ART consumption, stigma/discrimination, and sexuality concerns. Parents take years to prepare for and perform disclosure of theirs and/or their children's illnesses to their infected and noninfected children. They perform disclosure when they feel ready in stages, based on the birth order of their children, the perception of “the right time,” the child's understanding and maturity level, and whose illness(es) they intend to disclose at the time of disclosure. Conclusion. HIV disclosure is challenging and each disclosure session performed is planned and geared to the particular child receiving disclosure. Parents and healthcare professionals are challenged by disclosure and can benefit from creation of HIV disclosure guidelines accompanied by culturally sensitive manuals and training programs aimed at parents and healthcare professionals to ease the process of disclosure.

scholarly journals Parents' phases and children's stages of HIV disclosure

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja ◽  
Gary J Burkholder ◽  
Aimee Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Full Disclosure ◽  
Unknown Status ◽  
Living Children ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological Study ◽  
Hiv Negative

Background: HIV-positive parents are challenged with disclosure to their children. Some do not disclose at all, others disclose to some children, and many take years to fully disclose to all their children. Methods: This qualitative phenomenological study was conducted in Kenya to describe the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process. Sixteen HIV-positive parents were engaged in in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Interview data were analyzed using the modified Van Kaam method. Results: Parents had a total of 37 living children; 15 HIV-positive, 11 HIV-negative, and 11 of unknown HIV status. Parents went through four phases (secrecy, exploratory, readiness, full disclosure) of disclosure; most admitted needing healthcare professionals’ help to move their children through the three child stages (no, partial, full) of disclosure . Most parents were in between the exploratory and full disclosure phases but had taken years to navigate these phases. Twelve children (HIV-negative and unknown status) had full disclosure of their parents’ illnesses, nine HIV-positive children had full disclosure of their own and their parents’ illnesses, and 10 children (five HIV-positive, four unknown status, and one HIV-negative) had partial disclosure of their own and/or their parents’ illnesses. Parents had indefinite plans to disclose to the six children with no disclosure. Conclusion: Despite being challenged with disclosure, parents progressively navigated the disclosure phases and fully disclosed to the majority of their children. However, the creation of HIV disclosure guidelines, services, and programs would help hasten the time it takes for them to fully disclose to all their children.

scholarly journals Healthcare professionals' perspectives on HIV disclosure of a parent's and a child's illness in Kenya

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja ◽  
Gary J Burkholder ◽  
Aimee Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Clinical Officer ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Asking Questions ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological

Background: Many HIV-affected families have both parent(s) and child(ren) infected. HIV disclosure to children continues to be a great global challenge for HIV-positive parents and healthcare professionals (HCPs); parents and HCPs differ on how and when to disclose to children. Methods: Six HCPs including a physician, clinical officer, psychologist, registered nurse, social worker, and a peer educator participated in a larger qualitative phenomenological study conducted to describe the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process in Kenya. Each HCP underwent an in-depth, semi-structured interview; transcribed data were analyzed using the modified Van Kaam method in NVivo8. Results: Despite HCPs providing parents with regular advice on the benefits of HIV disclosure, fear of stigma, discrimination, and disclosure consequences caused parents to delay disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s illness to their HIV-negative and positive children respectively for lengthy periods. While awaiting parental consent for full disclosure, HCPs were forced to provide age-appropriate disease-related information to children. HCPs preference however, was to fully disclose to children in their parents’ presence at the clinic, when children started asking questions and/or displayed maturity and understanding of the illness. Conclusion: Parents are known to prefer disclosing to their children at a time and place of their choosing. Conversely, it appears that HCPs may prefer to disclose to children when they judge the time as being right. For favorable disclosure outcomes, further studies are needed to reconcile the most suitable timing, setting, and person to disclose to HIV-positive and negative children.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Group Therapy in Supporting Adoptive Families

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Shanika Lavi Wilson ◽  
Kristen DeGree ◽  
Christopher Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Group Therapy ◽  
Support Group ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Adoptive Families ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Adoption Research

Adopted children and their families have unique needs compared to non-adoptive families. Adoption research seeks to understand these unique needs and contribute to a growing field of adoption competent therapy. The purpose of this paper is to understand how adoption competent group therapy can benefit adoptive families, and provides analysis on secondary data collected in 2019 from pre and post measures for a weekly support group from post adoption program. The research included 8 participants who were adoptive parents of adolescent girls, and included quantitative and qualitative data about how parents and their children responded to the program. The questions covered a variety of topics regarding the child, adoptive parents, and the parent- child relationship as a while. The results showed that from a quantitative standpoint, minimal improvements were made after the group, but the qualitative data showed that the group provided numerous benefits for adoptive parents.

scholarly journals Parents' and children's emotions spanning the HIV disclosure process in Kenya

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja ◽  
Gary J Burkholder ◽  
Aimee Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Support Groups ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
Disclosure Practice

Background: HIV disclosure from parent to child is challenging. While disclosure is expected to be emotional for parents and children, the total disclosure experience has not been described. The purpose of this study was to understand the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children in Kenya during the disclosure process. Methods: Phenomenological qualitative data were collected using in-depth semistructured interviews. Thirty four participants consisting of HIV-positive parents, children (infected and uninfected), and healthcare professionals (HCPs) were enrolled. Data analysis was performed using NVivo 8 and the Van Kaam method. Results: Pre-disclosure, parents were plagued with fear/worry of stigma, judgment, rejection, blame; and the reaction/consequences of disclosure on their children. Guilt and shame for bringing the illness into the home abounded. Children sensed, wondered, and worried about secrets within their homes. During disclosure, parents experienced catharsis, guilt, confusion, and panic when children reacted negatively. Children experienced shock, disbelief, anger, sadness, worry, depression, confusion, and catharsis from finally knowing what was wrong. Post-disclosure parents alternated between relief, guilt, and depression as their children’s behavior changed due to disclosure. Children experienced unhappiness, depression, hopelessness, self-hate, and withdrawal. Recovery time varied lasting from a few hours to four months later; some children ultimately felt relief and self-acceptance. However, stress exposure caused disclosure emotions to reappear. Conclusion: HIV disclosure process is accompanied by alternating negative and positive feelings for both parents and children. To ease the process, HCPs should provide support services such as disclosure practice sessions/training, counseling, peer support groups, and stress management.

scholarly journals Parents' and children's emotions spanning the HIV disclosure process in Kenya

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Gachanja ◽  
Gary J Burkholder ◽  
Aimee Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Support Groups ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
Disclosure Practice

Background: HIV disclosure from parent to child is challenging. While disclosure is expected to be emotional for parents and children, the total disclosure experience has not been described. The purpose of this study was to understand the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children in Kenya during the disclosure process. Methods: Phenomenological qualitative data were collected using in-depth semistructured interviews. Thirty four participants consisting of HIV-positive parents, children (infected and uninfected), and healthcare professionals (HCPs) were enrolled. Data analysis was performed using NVivo 8 and the Van Kaam method. Results: Pre-disclosure, parents were plagued with fear/worry of stigma, judgment, rejection, blame; and the reaction/consequences of disclosure on their children. Guilt and shame for bringing the illness into the home abounded. Children sensed, wondered, and worried about secrets within their homes. During disclosure, parents experienced catharsis, guilt, confusion, and panic when children reacted negatively. Children experienced shock, disbelief, anger, sadness, worry, depression, confusion, and catharsis from finally knowing what was wrong. Post-disclosure parents alternated between relief, guilt, and depression as their children’s behavior changed due to disclosure. Children experienced unhappiness, depression, hopelessness, self-hate, and withdrawal. Recovery time varied lasting from a few hours to four months later; some children ultimately felt relief and self-acceptance. However, stress exposure caused disclosure emotions to reappear. Conclusion: HIV disclosure process is accompanied by alternating negative and positive feelings for both parents and children. To ease the process, HCPs should provide support services such as disclosure practice sessions/training, counseling, peer support groups, and stress management.

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