scholarly journals 1. Learning, Industrial, and Technology Policies: An Overview

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Technology Policies

A. S. Bhalla. Uneven Development in the Third World: A Study of China and India. London: Macmillan, 1992. xix+353 pp.Hardbound. £47.50.

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-331
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Uneven Development ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Urban Bias ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Development Experience ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Technology Policies ◽  
India And China

The book reviews the development experience of two major countries in Asia, India and China. India has followed a democratic liberal course in politics, based on Westminster-style parliamentary practices. However, its economic policy has tilted towards socialism, with government control on the major sectors of the economy. China, on the other hand, has evolved a political culture that is totalitarian in nature; all political power is concentrated in the hands of the Communist Party. Hence, economic decision-making was also centralised until a few years ago when China began a process of economic liberalisation. The book begins by defining what uneven development signifies. Development strategies and their outcomes are used to illustrate the phenomenon of uneven development. The author describes three such strategies, namely, industrialisation, sectoral/regional balance, and economic liberalisation. The effect of these strategies on the growth of output, inequalities in income consumption, and class inequalities in an intra-regional, inter-regional, and rural-urban divide are specifically discussed for both India and China. Other topics of interest that are dealt with in the book include technology policies and access to health and education services. The latter two subjects, in particular, are discussed in terms of class, regional background, and rural-urban bias.

The Dilemma between Aligned Expectations and Diversity in Innovation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timur Ergen
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
History Of Capitalism ◽  
Synthetic Fuel ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Technology Policies ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Innovation Processes

This chapter brings together arguments from economics, sociology, and political economy to show that innovation processes are characterized by a dilemma between the advantages of aligned expectations—including greater coordination and investment—and those of diversity, including superior openness to new technological possibilities. To illustrate the argument, the chapter discusses a historical case involving one of the largest coordinated peace-time attempts to hasten technological innovation in the history of capitalism, namely the US energy technology policies of the 1970s and 1980s. Close examination of the commercialization of photovoltaics and synthetic fuel initiatives illustrates both sides of the dilemma between shared versus diverse expectations in innovation: coordination but possible premature lock-in on the one hand, and openness but possible stagnation on the other. The chapter shows that even the exploration and interpretation of new technologies may be as much a product of focused investment as of trial-and-error search.

National science policy coordination in the European Community

1977 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Brickman
Keyword(s):  
European Community ◽  
Science Policy ◽  
Community Intervention ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
National Science ◽  
Science And Technology Policies ◽  
National Science Policy ◽  
Technology Policies ◽  
Council Of Ministers

In January 1974 the Council of Ministers of the European Community issued a resolution calling for the coordination of the science and technology policies of the member countries. This initiative came after several years of largely unrewarded efforts by the European institutions to bring a measure of Community-wide coherence in national R&D programs and objectives. Despite the development of alternative decision-making and implementation procedures, the Community's impact on national activities was on the whole limited in scope, confined to programs of marginal importance and more concerned with the joint execution of specific research tasks than with the political motives and intentions of the member governments. A review of the 1974 resolution's effects, principally through the work of the CREST committee, demonstrates that the multiple obstacles to policy coordination have yet to be overcome. These obstacles stem from a) varying conceptions of the policy coordination task, b) the discrepancies and inadequacies in national science policy formulation, c) deficiencies in the perspectives and procedures of Commission officials and national delegations, and d) a variety of constraints which restrict the domain of possible Community intervention.

scholarly journals Beyond Neo-liberalism: Research Policies and Society. The Case of Japan

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain-Marc Rieu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Qualitative Change ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Science And Technology Policies ◽  
Systemic Crisis ◽  
Technology Policies ◽  
Industrial Societies

The idea of decoupling is playing a major role in various interpretations of the present systemic crisis. This crisis is understood as an effect of neo-liberal policies, which have revolutionized economic systems since the 1980s. Decoupling indicates a qualitative change in the level of autonomy of the economic sphere in industrial societies. But a new level of differentiation also generates various types of recoupling, new forms of integration, cooperation and regulation recomposing social systems at another level. The goal of this article is first to situate the idea of decoupling within its conceptual complex. Secondly, the ecological constraint is considered the source of this intense differentiation within social systems, which has intensified since the 1970s. Finally, based on the case of Japan, this paper explains why large-scale science and technology policies developed since the 1990s have to be understood as part of a recoupling process, a project to reconstruct and reach a social and economic coherence in the long term. Similar policies are now implemented by all major industrial nations. Such policies have the potential to overcome neo-liberalism's negative effects.

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