The Dilemma between Aligned Expectations and Diversity in Innovation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timur Ergen
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
History Of Capitalism ◽  
Synthetic Fuel ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Technology Policies ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Innovation Processes

This chapter brings together arguments from economics, sociology, and political economy to show that innovation processes are characterized by a dilemma between the advantages of aligned expectations—including greater coordination and investment—and those of diversity, including superior openness to new technological possibilities. To illustrate the argument, the chapter discusses a historical case involving one of the largest coordinated peace-time attempts to hasten technological innovation in the history of capitalism, namely the US energy technology policies of the 1970s and 1980s. Close examination of the commercialization of photovoltaics and synthetic fuel initiatives illustrates both sides of the dilemma between shared versus diverse expectations in innovation: coordination but possible premature lock-in on the one hand, and openness but possible stagnation on the other. The chapter shows that even the exploration and interpretation of new technologies may be as much a product of focused investment as of trial-and-error search.

The Regulation of Transnational Corporate Identity in Europe

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1167-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orfeo Fioretos
Keyword(s):  
International Market ◽  
Corporate Identity ◽  
Government Behavior ◽  
History Of Capitalism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legislative Initiative ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
Rule Making ◽  
International Rule

Rules governing the corporate identity of multinational companies are national in nature, with the one exception of the European Company Statute. For the first time in the history of capitalism, this statute enables companies to jettison national rules of incorporation in favor of an international legal identity. This article explains why the statute was the most protracted legislative initiative in the history of European integration and why its final form served significantly to constrain the international market for corporate identity in Europe. Its explanations are anchored in an institutional theory of government behavior that draws on the varieties of capitalism and historical institutionalism traditions. The article concludes with suggestions for how these traditions can be extended beyond their normal purview as a means to giving analytical and substantive nuance to the study of international rule-making.

Australian Fiction, the 1980s, and the US Trade Paperback

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Birns
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reading Public ◽  
Cultural Impact ◽  
Publication History ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Culture ◽  
The One ◽  
Pluralistic World

The emergence of the trade paperback in the 1980s crucially transformed the way in which Australian literature was received in North America. The publication history of Patrick White on the one hand and Glenda Adams and Peter Carey on the other shows how younger writers actually made more of a cultural impact, despite White’s Nobel Prize, because the form in which they met the reading public was one freed from the modernist binary between high and low culture. The 1980s saw the emergence of a more globalized and more culturally pluralistic world—though also one much more pervaded by multinational capital—in which Australian writers flourished.

scholarly journals A Study of Islamic and Arab Markets' Role in Revitalizing Urban Spaces

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
Mohamed Yasser Lotfy ◽  
Abdullah Soliman ◽  
Alaa Mandour
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Modern City ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Times ◽  
The One ◽  
A Site ◽  
The City

<p>Market places have occupied a major role in most cities around the world, being a site for more than just economic interactions, but rather a cultivating agent for social and cultural growth. The Arab and Islamic cities have a proud history of market places, most of the times being the main core of the city, with urban development encompassing it, and till the present day market places are in the heart of most communities. The <em>modern city </em>brought with it a devaluing of the traditional market places, making it a tourist attraction as in the case of <em>"khan el Khalil",</em>or leaving it to rust like <em>"bab el louq" </em>market. Those markets while playing a big role historically, <em>modern city planning </em>moved the services and markets into other form, thus becoming less important, abandoned, or even demolished at cases.</p><p>The issue at hand deals with how the contemporary urban planning affected market places, with emphasis on <em>closed markets</em> (Bab el-louk)which can be said to be the successor of the ancient <em>Bazaar </em>or <em>Wekala</em>.  Bal el-Louk market was once in the heart of Cairo and vital part of its community life, but now the market after more than a 100 years, is in ruins, but hope is not yet all lost, since the market can still be revived and revitalized.</p><p>To tackle this issue a combination of <em>comparative and field studies </em>must occur. On the one hand, comparative studies with <em>markets </em>in the US or closed markets in European cities such as Paris or Copenhagen would be done to find the necessary elements and goals that would make those markets vital, and the necessary steps to revitalize our own forgotten markets. The other study would have to deal with the current condition of bab el louk market in Cairo, finding out the reason behind its demise, the owners and users feedback on said market, and the opportunities for change.</p><p>With the results of the studies, general recommendations would be made for the <em>revitalization </em>of the Egyptian marketplaces, using an urban framework that would lead to those markets be available for costumers again and back to playing their major cultural and social rule.</p>

scholarly journals Donner à voir : explorer et exploiter les images en histoire de ľinterprétation

Translationes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-107
Author(s):  
Alina Pelea
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Translation ◽  
The One

Abstract It may be too much to say that a picture is worth a thousand words, but no one can deny the informative potential of visual representations. Considering that the history of translation would also benefit from their use, we propose an intervention that will try to look at these resources in order to shed additional light on the status of the interpreter and its evolution. We analyze visual resources dating back to the 17th and 18th centuries (works of art) and others from 2018 (potentially more objective) to see how they reflect, on the one hand, the status of the dragomans of the Sublime Porte and, on the other hand, that of today’s interpreters. In conducting this research, we also look at how new technologies can contribute to the study of different media.

scholarly journals UNITED STATES POSITION TOWARDS IRAN AFTER THE NUCLEAR DEAL (2015-2019)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 210-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Alarqan
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Nuclear Program ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
The Us ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Economic Motives

Purpose of the study: This study examines the history of US-Iranian relations after the nuclear deal 2015 and it seeks to achieve some objectives. Methodology: The study uses a combination of the historical approach and the international order approach of the one hand, and the decision-making approach and the national interest approach on the other. Main Findings: The USA tried to dissuade Iran from pursuing its nuclear program. This was not for interests or economic motives of the USA; rather it was for satisfying Israel and maintaining its security, stability, and existence. It should be noted that the nuclear deal between Iran and the P5 + 1 was ratified by the UN Security Council, where the USA under Trump proved that it does not preserve or respect deals or conventions. Applications of this study: This research can be used for academic purposes for universities, lecturers of political science, researchers and undergraduate and postgraduate students. Also, it can be used for policy purposes for the decision-makers and politicians. Novelty/Originality of this study: The phenomenon that existed in nuclear deal 2015 and referring from various previous research results, the study regarding the US-Iranian relationship after the nuclear deal 2015 was conducted and presented comprehensively and completely. It is necessary to take into account this topic that can explore the US-Iranian relationship and determine the extent to which topic can contribute to political science researches.

scholarly journals Too Good To Be Forgotten

2017 ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Claudy Op den Kamp
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Source Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Copyright Holder ◽  
Cultural Implications ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

Film archives own, or hold on deposit, many physical works of film, whereas the copyright holder to these might be someone quite different. The colourisation debate of the late 1980s in the US and Als twee druppels water (The Spitting Image, NL 1963, Fons Rademakers), an embargoed film in a public-sector archive, are both examples of this copyright dichotomy between material and intellectual property. The examples expose the archive as a vulnerable place. On the one hand, the archive cannot guarantee a fixed and stable environment for cinematic memories. On the other hand, an inhibited visibility of important works of film that are arguably crucial to an understanding of the history of film is the result if a film archive cannot provide access to its holdings. The examples provide new insights into the wider cultural implications of the intellectual property (IP) system. They demonstrate how IP underpins understandings of public accessibility to (a limited range of) primary source material and their subsequent potential for history making.

Perfecting the Union

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max M. Edling
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Constitutions ◽  
American States ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Us Constitution ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

Habitually interpreted as the fundamental law of the American republic, the US Constitution was in fact designed as an instrument of union between thirteen American republics and as a form of government for their common central government. It offered an organizational solution to the security concerns of the newly independent American states. Confederation was an established means for weak states to maintain their independence by joining in union to manage relations with the outside world from a position of strength. Confederation also transformed the immediate international environment by turning neighboring states from potential enemies into sister states in a common union or peace pact. The US Constitution profoundly altered the structure of the American union and made the federal government more effective than under the defunct Articles of Confederation. But it did not transform the fundamental purpose of the federal union, which remained the management of relations between the American states, on the one hand, and between the American states and foreign powers, on the other. As had been the case under the articles, the states regulated the social, economic, and civic life of their citizens and inhabitants with only limited supervision and control from the federal government. This book demonstrates that interpreting the Constitution as an instrument of union has important implications for the understanding of the American founding. The Constitution mattered much more to the international than to the domestic history of the United States. Its importance to the latter was dwarfed by that of state constitutions and legislation.

scholarly journals Evolution of Fighter Aircrafts in the interwar Years: Cluster Analysis in History of Engineering

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-130
Author(s):  
Yury Viktorovich Kuzmin
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Wing Load ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Power Load ◽  
The Us ◽  
Power Loading ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Engineering

The article carries out cluster analysis of piston-engine fighters designed between 1920 and 1944 and takes into account more than 500 modifications of aircrafts that were serially manufactured in 18 countries. The author divides the period understudy into five-year segments and studies designs as far as such parameters as maximum speed, wing load and power load are concerned. Correlations of these variables are considered as well and special attention is paid to the correct distance determination. The article demonstrates dynamics of the main fighter characteristics between the world wars. It was found out that the main factor in the growth of fighter speed in 1920-1944 was the wing load related to modernization of profiles, quality and mechanization of the wing rather than growth of engine power of aircrafts. One can see repeating models of development in each period. These are a &ldquo;power&rdquo; approach that used new technologies &ldquo;straightforwardly&rdquo;, for instance, by totally increasing power loading, and a complex approach that provided for much better results. The author has revealed the leadership of the British aerodynamic school in 1920-1940 and has numerically demonstrated the change in the focus of the US design school from a "powerful engine - light aircraft" method to a "perfect aerodynamics - long flight range" method. He has shown the place of the Soviet design school as well. It has been found out that the last (during this period) sharp increase of wing load was not performed in the USSR and Japan. This led to rather low speed of fighters in these countries during the Second World War.&nbsp;The author discusses the reasons for this as well.

scholarly journals The Policy of Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: History and Modernity

2017 ◽  
pp. 81-108
Author(s):  
A. Kudryachenko ◽  
O. Potiekhin
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Nuclear Proliferation ◽  
South Sudan ◽  
International Regimes ◽  
Nuclear Disarmament ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

The article provides an overview of Ukrainian and foreign sources on the non-proliferation studies and interconnected with it problems of nuclear disarmament and the use of “peaceful” atom. We give little-known facts from the history of non-proliferation, attempts to put nuclear energy under effective international control and reasons why this could not be done. The main content of the article is an analysis of the NPT, IAEA and related international regimes and organizations, successes and failures in implementing the policy of non-proliferation. It is noted, on the one hand, maintaining a fairly steady non- proliferation regime since the entry into force of the NPT in 1970 – now there are only nine states with nuclear weapons, and this number remains unchanged over the past 25 years. NPT regime is almost universal – it includes 190 States Parties and only five remain outside (India, Israel, North Korea, Pakistan and South Sudan). However, according to some forecasts, increasing threat is likelihood of becoming world “widespread nuclear proliferation” in 2030. Features of positions of the US and Russia in matters of nonproliferation policy are studied.

scholarly journals Reading Allen Ginsberg’s September on Jessore Road: An Attempt to Ruminate over the Horrific Reminiscences of the Liberation War of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Israt Jahan Shuchi ◽  
A B M Shafiqul Islam
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Original Intent ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Masses

Allen Ginsberg’s ‘September on Jessore Road’ captures the blood-stained history of the creation of Bangladesh through highlighting the unflinching struggle of the Bangladeshi people and their appalling plight that they went through during the country’s war of independence in 1971. This poem mainly reports on Ginsberg’s visit to the refugee camps located in the bordering areas of Jessore of Bangladesh and Kolkata of India in mid-September, 1971. Those camps sheltered millions of Bengalis who fled their homes fearing persecution and violence inflicted by the Pakistani occupation forces during the liberation war of Bangladesh. Ginsberg’s first-hand experience of encountering the refugees in those camps is reproduced in this poem where the poet very meticulously pens the untold sufferings that every individual experienced during that war time. The poem also criticizes the US government and all its state apparatus for not supporting the freedom loving Bengalis in that war. His original intent of composing this poem was to express solidarity with the Bengalis’ resolute craving for freedom on the one hand and to create awareness among the masses and form public opinion against Pakistani atrocities on the Bengali people on the other. This paper thus attempts to depict how Ginsberg puts all these aspects into words with a view to reminding us of the gory history behind the establishment of the modern state of Bangladesh.

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