Immortalized bile duct cells (BDC), derived from transgenic mice harboring the SV40 thermosensitive immortalizing mutant gene ts458, were utilized to investigate the role of the biliary epithelium in lipid and sterol metabolism. This cell model closely resembles the in vivo situation because it expresses the specific phenotypic marker cytokeratin 19 (CK-19), exhibits the formation of bile duct-like structures, and displays well-formed microvilli projected from the apical side to central lumen. The BDC were found to incorporate [14C]oleic acid (in nmol/mg protein) into triglycerides (121 ± 6), phospholipids (PL; 59 ± 3), and cholesteryl ester (16 ± 1). The medium lipid content represented 5.90 ± 0.16% ( P < 0.005) of the total intracellular production, indicating a limited lipid export capacity. Analysis of PL composition demonstrated the synthesis of all classes of polar lipids, with phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine accounting for 60 ± 1 and 24 ± 1%, respectively, of the total. Differences in PL distribution were apparent between cells and media. Substantial cholesterol synthesis was observed in BDC, as determined by the incorporation of [14C]acetate suggesting the presence of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. With the use of [14C]acetate and [14C]cholesterol as precursors, both tauro- and glycoconjugates of bile acids were synthesized, indicating the presence of cholesterol 7α- and 26R-hydroxylases, the key enzymes involved in bile acid formation. The transport of bile acids was not limited, as shown by their marked accumulation in the medium (>6-fold of cell content). HMG-CoA reductase (53.0 ± 6.7), cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (15.5 ± 0.5), and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT; 201.7 ± 10.2) activities (in pmol ⋅ min−1 ⋅ mg protein−1) were present in the microsomal fractions. Our data show that biliary epithelial cells actively synthesize lipids and may directly contribute bile acids to the biliary fluid in vivo. This BDC line thus represents an efficient experimental tool to evaluate biliary epithelium sterol metabolism and to study biliary physiology.
Atherosclerotic plaque regression and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition potential of curcumin: An integrative omics and in-vivo study
