ANALISIS PROSES BERPIKIR KRITIS MAHASISWA DALAM MATA KULIAH PERSAMAAN DIFERENSIAL DAN SCAFFOLDING-NYA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses berpikir kritis mahasiswa dalam menentukan solusi dari persamaan diferensial. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis deskriptif-eksploratif. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 3 mahasiswa Pendidikan Matematika Universitas Islam Malang. Instrumen utama dalam penelitian ini adalah peneliti sendiri. Selain itu juga digunakan soal tes sebagai instrument penelitian. Soal tes disesuaikan dengan indikator kemampuan berpikir kritis IDEAS (Identify, Define, Enumerate, Analyze, Scrutinize). Soal tes terdiri dari 3 soal yang diberikan secara bertahap. Hasil soal tes selanjutnya dianalisis dan dilakukan wawancara kepada subjek penelitian untuk mengetahui proses berpikir kritis mahasiswa saat mengerjakan soal tes. Pada soal tes pertama, subjek penelitian belum mampu berpikir kritis dengan baik karena tidak dapat memenuhi indikator IDEAS. Oleh karena itu, mahasiswa diberikan scaffolding guna mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir kritis yang diberikan. Scaffolding diberikan dalam bentuk social scaffolding berupa penerapan model pembelajaran DD/CT (Deep Dialogue/ Critical Thinking) dalam perkuliahan persamaan diferensial. Pada soal tes kedua, kemampuan berpikir kritis mahasiswa mulai berkembang namun tetap belum memenuhi indikator IDEAS sehingga diberikan social scaffolding kembali berupa penerapan model pembelajaran DD/CT dipadukan dengan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TS-TS (Two Stay-Two Stray). AbstractThis study aims to describe students' critical thinking processes in determining solutions to differential equations. This study uses a descriptive and explorative in a qualitative approach. The research subjects consisted of 3 Mathematics Education students at the University of Islam Malang. The main instrument in this study is the researchers themselves. In addition, test questions are also used as research instruments. Test questions are adapted to IDEAS (Identify, Define, Enumerate, Analyze, Scrutinize) critical thinking skills indicators. The test questions consist of 3 questions given in stages. The results of the test questions were then analyzed and interviewed to the subject of the study to find out the critical thinking process of students when working on test questions. In the first test question, the research subjects were not able to think critically well because they could not meet the IDEAS indicator. Therefore, students are given a scaffolding to develop the critical thinking skills provided. Scaffolding is given in the form of social scaffolding that is the application of the DD / CT (Deep Dialogue / Critical Thinking) learning model in lectures on differential equations. In the second test question, students' critical thinking skills began to develop but still did not meet the IDEAS indicator so that social scaffolding was again given in the form of the application of the DD / CT learning model combined with the TS-TS cooperative learning model (Two Stay-Two Stray).

Moral Responsibility and the Social Dynamics of Power and Oppression

This chapter argues that moral responsibility theorists who take seriously the social scaffolding of agency and the interpersonal dynamics at the heart of our practices need to pay more sustained attention to the effects of social power and oppression. David Shoemaker’s tripartite distinction between attributability, answerability, and accountability is used to develop this argument. The aim of Shoemaker’s distinction is to explicate how impairments of capacity with respect to one or more of these dimensions affect agents’ eligibility for moral responsibility ascriptions. In this chapter the tripartite distinction is used to tease out the various ways that moral responsibility ascriptions and practices are entangled with social dynamics of power, thereby affecting persons’ statuses as morally responsible agents. The chapter concludes by considering the implications of the argument for Strawsonian theories and justifications.

Do helpful mothers help? Effects of maternal scaffolding and infant motivation on cognitive performance

Infants are highly social and much of early learning takes place in a social context during interactions with caregivers. Previous research shows that social scaffolding – responsive parenting and joint attention - can confer benefits for infants’ long-term development and learning. However, little previous research has examined whether dynamic (moment-to-moment) adaptations in adults’ social scaffolding are able to produce immediate effects on childrens' performance. Here we ask whether infants' success on an object search task is more strongly influenced by dynamic changes in maternal responsive behaviour, or by fluctuations in infants' own internal motivation levels. Thirty-five mother-infant dyads (infants aged 10.8 months, on average) participated in an object search task that was delivered in a naturalistic manner by the child’s mother. Measures of maternal responsiveness (teaching duration; sensitivity) and infant motivation (engagement; visual attention) were assessed. Mothers varied their task delivery significantly in response to their infants’ behaviour, as maternal teaching durations were extended when infants offered less visual attention. However, neither measure of maternal responsiveness significantly predicted infants’ success in performing the search task. Rather, infants’ own level of engagement was the sole significant predictor of accuracy. These results indicate that while parental scaffolding is offered spontaneously (and is undoubtedly crucial for development), in this context children’s endogenous motivation proved to be a more powerful determinant of task success. Future work should explore this interplay between parental and child-internal factors in other learning and social contexts.