The generalized projection methods in countably normed spaces

Let E be a Banach space with dual space $E^{*}$ E ∗ , and let K be a nonempty, closed, and convex subset of E. We generalize the concept of generalized projection operator “$\Pi _{K}: E \rightarrow K$ Π K : E → K ” from uniformly convex uniformly smooth Banach spaces to uniformly convex uniformly smooth countably normed spaces and study its properties. We show the relation between J-orthogonality and generalized projection operator $\Pi _{K}$ Π K and give examples to clarify this relation. We introduce a comparison between the metric projection operator $P_{K}$ P K and the generalized projection operator $\Pi _{K}$ Π K in uniformly convex uniformly smooth complete countably normed spaces, and we give an example explaining how to evaluate the metric projection $P_{K}$ P K and the generalized projection $\Pi _{K}$ Π K in some cases of countably normed spaces, and this example illustrates that the generalized projection operator $\Pi _{K}$ Π K in general is a set-valued mapping. Also we generalize the generalized projection operator “$\pi _{K}: E^{*} \rightarrow K$ π K : E ∗ → K ” from reflexive Banach spaces to uniformly convex uniformly smooth countably normed spaces and study its properties in these spaces.

The Best Approximation Theorems and Fixed Point Theorems for Discontinuous Increasing Mappings in Banach Spaces

We prove that Fan’s theorem is true for discontinuous increasing mappingsfin a real partially ordered reflexive, strictly convex, and smooth Banach spaceX. The main tools of analysis are the variational characterizations of the generalized projection operator and order-theoretic fixed point theory. Moreover, we get some properties of the generalized projection operator in Banach spaces. As applications of our best approximation theorems, the fixed point theorems for non-self-maps are established and proved under some conditions. Our results are generalizations and improvements of the recent results obtained by many authors.