EFFECT OF LIGHT SOURCE DISTANCE ON THE DISCRIMINATION AND GLOSS PERCEPTION OF PAPER

Gloss is an essential visual property of objects. It is still controversial how well gloss constancy works under different light distributions. In this paper, we conducted three experiments of different light distributions to investigate whether the stable discrimination and gloss constancy of paper occurred with different glossiness levels at the different light source distances and illuminances. The results suggest instability of paper discrimination and gloss perception when both light source distance and illuminance change. Then we tested two additional conditions. One is setting the distance the same and manipulating the illumination. The other is setting the illuminance constant and manipulating the distance, respectively. We further verify that illuminance and specular reflection can affect material and gloss perception, regardless of the width of the highlight region changed by light source distance.

The Visual Asymmetry Effect: An Interplay of Logo Design and Brand Personality on Brand Equity

Five studies using a variety of experimental approaches and secondary data sets show that a visual property present in all brand logos—the degree of (a)symmetry—can interact with brand personality to affect brand equity. Specifically, compared with symmetrical logos, asymmetrical logos tend to be more arousing, leading to increased perceptions of excitement. As such, consumers tend to perceive asymmetrical logos as more congruent with brands that have an exciting personality. This can boost consumers’ evaluations and the market’s financial valuations of such brands, a phenomenon referred to as the “visual asymmetry effect.” The studies also show that this interplay between brand personality and logo design occurs only for the personality of excitement and the visual property of asymmetry. These findings add to theories of visual design and branding and offer actionable insights to marketing practitioners.

Symmetric Objects Become Special in Perception Because of Generic Computations in Neurons

Symmetry is a salient visual property: It is easy to detect and influences perceptual phenomena from segmentation to recognition. Yet researchers know little about its neural basis. Using recordings from single neurons in monkey IT cortex, we asked whether symmetry—being an emergent property—induces nonlinear interactions between object parts. Remarkably, we found no such deviation: Whole-object responses were always the sum of responses to the object’s parts, regardless of symmetry. The only defining characteristic of symmetric objects was that they were more distinctive compared with asymmetric objects. This was a consequence of neurons preferring the same part across locations within an object. Just as mixing diverse paints produces a homogeneous overall color, adding heterogeneous parts within an asymmetric object renders it indistinct. In contrast, adding identical parts within a symmetric object renders it distinct. This distinctiveness systematically predicted human symmetry judgments, and it explains many previous observations about symmetry perception. Thus, symmetry becomes special in perception despite being driven by generic computations at the level of single neurons.

Iridescent (angle-dependent reflectance) properties of dorsal coloration in Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768)

Iridescence is a visual property of those surfaces that change in colour with viewing angle. Iridescence has been rarely reported in reptiles, but some snakes and lizards show this type of coloration. Here we study the effect of different angles of light incidence and observation on the spectrophotometrically assessed reflectance of dorsal coloration in the lizard Podarcis muralis. The results demonstrate clear angle dependence of several colour parameters. In particular, different angles of light incidence and observation result in changes in hue of more than 30 nm. This suggests that lizard dorsal coloration may be perceived, depending on viewing geometry, as being of different colours by a wide range of potential observers. Functional implications of iridescence in dorsal coloration are discussed.

Topology-defined units in numerosity perception

What is a number? The number sense hypothesis suggests that numerosity is “a primary visual property” like color, contrast, or orientation. However, exactly what attribute of a stimulus is the primary visual property and determines numbers in the number sense? To verify the invariant nature of numerosity perception, we manipulated the numbers of items connected/enclosed in arbitrary and irregular forms while controlling for low-level features (e.g., orientation, color, and size). Subjects performed discrimination, estimation, and equality judgment tasks in a wide range of presentation durations and across small and large numbers. Results consistently show that connecting/enclosing items led to robust numerosity underestimation, with the extent of underestimation increasing monotonically with the number of connected/enclosed items. In contrast, grouping based on color similarity had no effect on numerosity judgment. We propose that numbers or the primitive units counted in numerosity perception are influenced by topological invariants, such as connectivity and the inside/outside relationship. Beyond the behavioral measures, neural tuning curves to numerosity in the intraparietal sulcus were obtained using functional MRI adaptation, and the tuning curves showed that numbers represented in the intraparietal sulcus were strongly influenced by topology.

The Pattern Based Visual Property Specification Language and Supporting System for Software Verifications

This paper deals with issue of properties specification for software verifications and translation between formal languages. Through this paper, the unique framework of property specifications including most kinds of formal specifications logics, automatic methods are shown by a property specifications guided system and PVSL(The Pattern based Visual property Specification Language).Additionally, a properties to specify and structures, Interconnection of them are also described by property charts. In this study, the pattern based visual property specification language (PVSL) is defined and property specifications method is also designed by convenience specifications of required property.Required properties can be described by its charts and analyzes its meaning and structures as using patterns diagrams and property and-or tree. On the other hands, it also guarantees stability and limitation of utilizations of patterns using much stronger specifying Dwyer`s meaning based property classification. The PVSL and property charts use hierarchical state machine notation to take advantage of knowledge a person who is one of practitioners has as much as possible, and for Nu-SMV, CW-CNC. They can be adapted to describe property charts and analyze into examples of CTL(Computation Tree Logic) and Modal Mu-Calculus logic that have been already used.Keywords: Patterns, Property specifications, model checking, Software verification