Volcanic tremor of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption

Summary Volcanic eruptions in Iceland generally start with an increase in tremor levels. These signals do not have clear onset, like many earthquakes. As the character of the tremor signal is variable from one volcano to another, locating the source of the tremor signal may require different techniques for different volcanoes. Continuous volcanic tremor varied considerably during the course of the Eyjafjallajökull summit eruption, April 14th to May 22nd 2010, and was clearly associated with changes in eruptive style. The tremor frequencies ranged between 0.5 and 10 Hz, with increased vigour during an effusive and explosive phase, in comparison with purely explosive phases. Higher-frequency tremor bursts early in the eruption were caused by processes at the eruption site. Location of the tremor using a method based on differential phase information extracted from inter-station correlograms showed the tremor to be stable near the eruption vent, through time, for signals between 0.5 Hz and 2 Hz. Analyses of power variations of the vertical component of the tremor with distance from the eruption site are consistent with tremor waveform content being dominated by surface waves in the 0.5-2 Hz frequency range. The tremor source depth was argued to be shallow, less than about 1 km. The attenuation quality factor (Q) was found to be on the order of Q = 10-20 for paths in the area around Eyjafjallajökull and Q = 20-50 for paths outside the volcano. The pattern of radiated wave energy from the tremor source varied with time, defining ten different epochs during the eruption. Thus the tremor-source radiation did not remain isotropic, which needs to be considered when locating tremor based on amplitude, i.e. azimuthally variable source radiation.

The Blazar OJ 287 Jet from Parsec to Kiloparsec Scales

The curved shape of the kiloparsec-scale jet of the blazar OJ 287 is analyzed in the framework of the precession of the central engine, on the existence on which a large number of studies over the past decades are based. The data necessary for the analysis on the kiloparsec-scale jet velocity and angle with the line of sight are obtained based on two competing assumptions about the X-ray emission mechanism of the OJ 287 jet. Namely, there were both the inverse Compton scattering of the cosmic microwave background under the assumption of relativistic kiloparsec-scale jet and the inverse Compton scattering of the central source radiation. For the latter one, we showed that the expected flux from the kiloparsec-scale jet in the gamma range does not exceed the limit set for it according to Fermi-LAT data. We found that only the period of the kiloparsec-scale jet helix, estimated in the framework of the inverse Compton scattering of the central source radiation, agrees with the precession period of the central engine, determined from the modulation of the peak values of 12‑year optical flares.