Ectopic Ureter: Diagnosis and Medical Management

The ectopic ureter is an uncommon presentation in the pediatric population with a 6 to 1 female-to-male prevalence. From an embryologic standpoint, ectopic ureters form as a result of failure of proper development of the urogenital sinus with ectopic development of the ureteral orifice. They are most often associated with a duplicated collecting system. The location of the orifice is most commonly in the posterior urethra. Diagnosis is usually made with a combination of multiple imaging modalities, including ultrasonography, voiding cystourethrography, nuclear scintigraphy, and sometimes CT or MRI. In this review, we detail the origin of the ectopic ureter and discuss diagnosis and medical management. This review contains 3 figures, and 29 references. Key words: CT, cystourethrography, ectopic ureter, MRI, renal duplication anomalies, ultrasonography, voiding nuclear scintigraphy

Imaging for Nephrolithiasis

Nephrolithiasis is a common condition that affects a large number of Americans. An imaging diagnosis is required for adequate treatment and follow-up, and a large variety of imaging modalities exist for this purpose. In this review, we discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and specific uses for a wide array of imaging methods, including plain radiography, ultrasonography, CT, and others. In addition, special attention is paid to specific clinical situations for individual tests, such as when dealing with children, pregnant women, and patients in an intraoperative setting. Approximate costs and radiation doses of each modality are discussed as well. At the conclusion of this review, the reader should understand the utility of each imaging technique, along with the optimal situation for use and reasoning for these decisions. This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, and 85 references Key words: CT, diagnosis, digital tomosynthesis, fluoroscopy, follow-up, imaging, intravenous pyelography, MRI, nephrolithiasis, radiation dose, radiography, ultrasonography

Imaging for Nephrolithiasis

Nephrolithiasis is a common condition that affects a large number of Americans. An imaging diagnosis is required for adequate treatment and follow-up, and a large variety of imaging modalities exist for this purpose. In this review, we discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and specific uses for a wide array of imaging methods, including plain radiography, ultrasonography, CT, and others. In addition, special attention is paid to specific clinical situations for individual tests, such as when dealing with children, pregnant women, and patients in an intraoperative setting. Approximate costs and radiation doses of each modality are discussed as well. At the conclusion of this review, the reader should understand the utility of each imaging technique, along with the optimal situation for use and reasoning for these decisions. This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, and 85 references Key words: CT, diagnosis, digital tomosynthesis, fluoroscopy, follow-up, imaging, intravenous pyelography, MRI, nephrolithiasis, radiation dose, radiography, ultrasonography

Computed Tomography Guided Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Lung Lesions: A Study of 162 Cases

Key words: CT; FNAC; Lung DOI: 10.3329/jcmcta.v20i1.4936 Journal of Chittagong Medical College Teachers' Association 2009: 20(1):50-52