Epidemiology and types of oral cancer

Oral cancer is a subset of head and neck cancer and usually refers to different neoplastic conditions that impact any tissue within the oral cavity. Evidence shows that these malignancies are associated with different complications over the affected patients. The present literature review will discuss the epidemiology and types of oral cancer based on evidence from relevant studies within the literature. Estimates show that oral cancer is a common condition with high prevalence rates globally. However, we have identified several factors across the different relevant investigations, including smoking, alcohol intake, age, socioeconomic status, immunocompromised state, and genetics. This might explain the inconsistent findings regarding the prevalence and mortality rates of the conditions among worldwide studies. Moreover, squamous cells carcinoma is the commonest type of oral cancer. However, other types might also be identified as adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, and lymphoma. These lesions can also be found at different places within the mouth cavity, including lips, tongue, and salivary glands. Therefore, healthcare authorities should plan adequate interventional strategies targeting the risk factors to properly control the disease and reduce its burden.

Foster Kennedy Syndrome: A Case Report

Foster Kennedy Syndrome is a classic, yet rare, neuro-ophthalmologic syndrome due to an intracranial mass, most often a tumor, that consists of optic atrophy on the same side of the lesion and contralateral papilledema. We present the case of a 48-year-old female patient with decreased visual acuity and the typical clinical features described above due to a sphenoid wing meningioma. Although not a common condition, Foster Kennedy Syndrome should always be kept in mind in a patient with visual disturbances secondary to an intracranial mass.

Hypersensitivity to uncertainty is key feature of subjective cognitive impairment

With an increasingly ageing global population, more people are presenting with concerns about their cognitive function, but not all have an underlying neurodegenerative diagnosis. Subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) is a common condition describing self-reported deficits in cognition without objective evidence of cognitive impairment. Many individuals with SCI suffer from depression and anxiety, which have been hypothesised to account for their cognitive complaints. Despite this association between SCI and affective features, the cognitive and brain mechanisms underlying SCI are poorly understood. Here, we show that people with SCI are hypersensitive to uncertainty and that this might be a key mechanism accounting for their affective burden. Twenty-seven individuals with SCI performed an information sampling task, where they could actively gather information prior to decisions. Across different conditions, SCI participants sampled faster and obtained more information than matched controls to resolve uncertainty. Remarkably, despite their "urgent" sampling behaviour, SCI participants were able to maintain their efficiency. Hypersensitivity to uncertainty indexed by this sampling behaviour correlated with the severity of affective burden including depression and anxiety. Analysis of MRI resting functional connectivity revealed that both uncertainty hypersensitivity and affective burden were associated with stronger insular-hippocampal connectivity. These results suggest that altered uncertainty processing is a key mechanism underlying the psycho-cognitive manifestations in SCI and implicate a specific brain network target for future treatment.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Individual Oral Health: A Protocol for a Systematic Scoping Review

Poor oral health continues to be one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide consuming one-fifth of out-of-pocket health expenditure [1-3]. In 2017, it was estimated that oral diseases affect close to 3.5 billion people worldwide, with caries (dental decay) of permanent teeth being the most common condition [4]. It is estimated that 44% of all people worldwide are suffering from untreated caries in primary and permanent teeth [5]. International data indicates that dental caries is one of the most prevalent health conditions [6-8] and a leading cause of preventable hospitalization [6]. Poor oral health is also associated with a number of other chronic diseases including stroke and cardiovascular disease [9, 10]. People’s ability to look after their oral health is impacted by a range of social, economic, environmental and political determinants [11] and the impact of COVID-19 on oral health is hypothesised to be significant.

Rigid Bronchoscopy in Foreign Body Aspiration Diagnosis and Treatment in Children

Foreign body aspiration in children is a common condition and can bring about serious undesired results. Fast and accurate diagnosis and foreign body extraction from airways are essential. We performed a retrospective study on rigid bronchoscopy outcomes due to suspected foreign body aspiration. A total of 66 children were admitted to the Chair and Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Phoniatrics and Audiology, Medical University of Lublin between 2015 and 2020 and underwent rigid bronchoscopy in general anesthesia due to suspected foreign body aspiration. We analyzed the data, including patients age and sex, reported complaints, and bronchoscopy findings. Analyzed children were aged from 8 months to 17 years old; 74.24% of them were under 3 years old during the procedure, and most of the operated patients were males. In 36.36% cases, no foreign body was identified, and 57.14% foreign bodies were located in right main bronchus. A total of 80.95% of foreign bodies extracted from airways were organic, mostly nuts. Diagnosis and treatment of suspected foreign body aspiration requires consistent cooperation between pediatricians, pulmonologists, anesthesiologists, and otolaryngologists.

A CASE REPORT ON OPEN PORES

Enlarged pores of facial skin always remain a matter of concern from both dermatologic and cosmetologic points of view. There were many conditions that are difficult to treat in which facial pores enlarge among them most common condition is acne vulgaris. This condition put a negative impact on a person’s quality of life and as well as also socially devastating for many individuals as it affects the physical appearance of a person. Although enlarged pores are not of medical concern it is considered as a more cosmetic con- cern. There are many available possible treatment options for enlarged pores but this case report is based on clinical evaluation of radiofrequency therapy in treating enlarged skin pores. In this report, three ses- sions of therapy every week for 3 weeks were applied. The results show a gradual decrease in the size of pores with almost clear skin. Keywords: acne vulgaris, enlarged pores, facial pores, radiofrequency

EFFECT OF POLYHERBAL FORMULATION IN SHEETAPITTA (URTICARIA): A CASE STUDY

Aim: Urticaria is a common condition in children for which Paediatricians are consulted. In Ayurveda, it can be correlated with Sheetapitta which is a Tridoshaja vyadhi. The present study is aimed to show the effect of Polyherbal formulation in Sheetapitta (Urticaria) in children. Background: Urticaria is defined as a transient eruption of cir- cumscribed oedematous and usually itchy swellings of the dermis. As per Ayurveda, Urticaria can be correlated with Sheetapitta in terms of clinic features, causative factors and pathogenesis. Case Description: A 14-year-old female patient with her mother from Haridwar district came in OPD of Department of Kaumarbhritya, Rishikul Campus, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Haridwar with the presenting complaints of red rashes all over the body along with itching, burning sensation and swelling since 2 years also having associated complaints like nasal con- gestion, sneezing and swelling B/L eyes from 2 months. On examining upper respiratory tract left-sided nasal hy- pertrophy, chapped lips, white-coated tongue, rt. sided slightly enlarged tonsils were found. On examining the In- tegumentary system, maculopapular lesions were present mainly over the upper limb, lower limb, chest and back. Swelling underneath B/L eyes was also present. The effect of the treatment was assessed on the basis of relief in itching and clearance of lesions. Conclusion: After the intervention of the polyherbal formulation for 45 days, there was a marked improvement in symptoms like Kandu, Vidaha and Shotha etc. So, it was concluded that internal use of Polyherbal formulation along with external use of Anu taila and the local application of Urtiplex lotion is highly effective in the management of Sheetapitta (Urticaria). Keywords: Urticaria, Sheetapitta, Kandu, Allergic disease

Effects of Structured Exercise Program on Tenderness and Cyclic Mastalgia in Obese Women: An Experimental Study

Background: Cyclic Mastalgia affects women who are menstruating in their 20s, 30s, or 40s. This pain starts about a week before commencing menstruation. During this period, the breasts become sore, tender, and swollen, though symptoms improve later in the cycle or it may be so severe that the patients cannot wear tight fitting clothes or they becomes irritable. The discomfort usually occurs outside and upper portions of both breasts, and it may even affect underarms. Cyclical Mastalgia is a common condition associated with a higher risk of breast cancer. Mastalgia is common ailment that affects about 70% of women and has negative impact on their quality of life. Many scientists believe that the cause of cyclic mastalgia lies in a mix of hormonal activity and something in the breast that reacts to it. Mastalgia is a term used to describe women's discomfort with their breasts, although doctors usually neglect it. Methods: Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 30 women will be selected for the study. A questionnaire of breast pain based on the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and a Cardiff chart, will all be employed as outcome measures. The individuals' pre-intervention scores will be collected, and they will be given an exercise routine to follow for four weeks, three times per week. The outcomes of the intervention will be measured afterwards. Our protocol will cover weeks of treatment. Reqular assessment will be carried out. Discussion: This study was done to find out effectivness of exercise program in obese womens with breast mastalgia and tenderness.

Ultrasound-Guided Treatments for the Painful Shoulder

: Shoulder pain is an extremely common condition. The painful shoulder may be the result of a wide spectrum of underlying pathological conditions, including calcific tendinopathy of the rotator cuff, subacromial-subdeltoid bursitis, acromioclavicular or glenohumeral arthritis, tenosynovitis of the long biceps tendon, rotator cuff lesions, and many other less common conditions. Ultrasound imaging is an effective tool for the diagnosis and also for the image guidance of treatment of the majority of these conditions. Several ultrasound-guided procedures are effective for pain relief, such as percutaneous irrigation, intra-bursal or intra-articular drugs injection, fluid aspiration, neural block. This review article aims to summarize and discuss the most common treatment possibilities with ultrasound guidance for the painful shoulder.

To determine the prevalence of hypertension among general public visiting Pondicherry institute of medical sciences, Pondicherry

Life is not merely to be alive, but to be healthy and wealthy. Every day we hear about new diseases and get fear and panicked. Despite incredible improvement in health since 1950, there are still a number of challenges, cardiovascular disease remains among the leading causes of death of world wide. Hypertension is very common condition under cardiovascular diseases1. Blood pressure is a measurement of the force against the wall of the arteries as the heart pumps blood through your body. The normal level of blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg, where 120 represents the systolic measurement and 80 represents the diastolic measurement2.