The Poets of Rapallo

Why did poets from the United States, Britain, and Ireland gather in a small town in Italy during the early years of Mussolini’s regime? These writers were—or became—some of the most famous poets of the twentieth century. What brought them together, and what did they hope to achieve? The Poets of Rapallo is about the conversations, collaborations, and disagreements among Ezra and Dorothy Pound, W.B. and George Yeats, Richard Aldington and Brigit Patmore, Thomas MacGreevy, Louis Zukofsky, and Basil Bunting. Drawing on their correspondence, diaries, drafts of poems, sketches and photographs, this book shows how the backdrop of the Italian fascist regime is essential to their writing about their home countries and their ideas about modern art and poetry. It also explores their interconnectedness as poets and shows how these connections were erased as their work was polished for publication. Focusing on the years between 1928 and 1935, when Pound and Yeats hosted an array of visiting writers, this book shows how the literary culture of Rapallo forged the lifelong friendships of Richard Aldington and Thomas MacGreevy—both veterans of the First World War—and of Louis Zukofsky and Basil Bunting, who imagined a new kind of “democratic” poetry for the twentieth century. In the wake of the Second World War, these four poets all downplayed their relationship to Ezra Pound and avoided discussing how important Rapallo was to their development as poets. But how did these “democratic” poets respond to the fascist context in which they worked during their time in Rapallo? The Poets of Rapallo discusses their collaboration with Pound, their awareness of the rising tide of fascism, and even—in some cases—their complicity in the activities of the fascist regime. The Poets of Rapallo charts the new direction for modernist writing that these writers imagined, and in the process, it exposes the dark underbelly of some of the most lauded poetry in the English language.

The Roads to Rapallo

This chapter charts the arrivals of the poets to Rapallo, beginning with Pound and Yeats, and extending to Richard Aldington, Thomas MacGreevy, Basil Bunting, and Louis Zukofsky. It surveys the complex history of Pound and Yeats’s relationship, their individual motivations for going to Italy, and their ideas about Mussolini’s promise as a political and cultural leader.

Doubletalking the homophonic sublime: Comedy, appropriation, and the sounds of one hand clapping

Homophonic translations create poems that foreground the sound of the original more than the lexical meaning. I begin by discussing the concept of "sound writing," referencing Haroldo de Campos's concept of "transcration," Pound's "transduction," and the concept behind calques. I then consider my homophonic translation of Finnish poet Leevi Lehto follows and Ulises Carrión's isophonic translation. After noting Basil Bunting idea that meaning is carried by sound more than lexical content, I discuss Khelbnikov's approach to zaum (transense), and soundalike works based on bird song and animal sounds. The essay then takes up several specific examples: David Melnick's homophonic translation of Homer, Pierre Joris's voice recognition translation of Magenetic Fields, and Jean Donneley's version of Ponge. The essay concludes with a discussion of Caroline Bergvall's Drift, her version of "The Seafarer" as well as her Chaucer transcreations. A central part of the essay references "homophonic" translation in popular culture, in particular the "doubletalking" of Sid Caesar," the most popular TV comedian of the early 1950s. A discussion of his work in the context of American Jewish comedy is central to the lecture. But other more recent popular example of the homophonic are discussed with special reference to cultural appropriation.

Basil Bunting's Versions of Manuchehri Damghani

Basil Bunting extolled the work of Manuchehri and made versions of four of Manuchehri's poems in five of his own, 1939–49. Little is known about what motivated these translations or how they relate to the Persian source texts because no detailed appraisals of them have appeared to date. A close commentary is provided here on how the content of Bunting's versions compares with that of their sources. Since it has been claimed that Bunting learned techniques from Persian poetry that helped him to refine his own style, the question is also asked what he might have learned from Manuchehri.