Analysing EU Treaty-Making and Litigation With Network Analysis and Natural Language Processing

We apply network analysis and topic modeling techniques to explore the evolution of the European Union's treaty making activity and the patterns of litigation they have given rise to. Our analysis reveals that, despite the expansion of the bloc's policy remit, its treaty-making activity retains a strong economic focus. Among the many agreements negotiated by EU institutions, the European Economic Agreement, the Ankara Agreement with Turkey and the World Trade Organization Agreement form the largest clusters of litigated cases. EU international agreements are disproportionately litigated in cases pertaining to residence rights and competition law.

China’s ‘Going Global’ Policy: Transnational Production Subsidies Under the WTO SCM Agreement

ABSTRACT As China is increasingly ‘going global’, foreign direct investment under its Belt and Road Initiative is becoming heavily scrutinized. One of the concerns is that Chinese companies establishing themselves in third countries would be unfairly advantaged by the financing they receive under China’s expansionist strategy. This financing gives rise to a situation that had long been described as ‘unrealistic’, in which a government subsidizes a firm outside of its territory. When such a firm’s products are exported to third countries, could such financing be disciplined under the World Trade Organization Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures? Should such financing, which enhances development in the receiving countries, be disciplined at all? The authors shed light on these issues and provide a preliminary guidance on how to structure this problem under international trade law.

Internationalization of Indian Higher Education

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) makes provisions for the internationalization of higher education. India signed the World Trade Organization agreement, including GATS, in 1994. GATS and WTO have the potential to impact the import and export of higher education within India. At the present time, India has begun making appropriate changes in legislation to formalize trade in the higher education sector. This chapter narrates the experiences of India in the internationalization of education. The chapter examines political, economic, socio-cultural, academic, and political issues of cross-nation education in India. The analysis is based on document surveys and critical analyses of the policies of India regarding the internationalization of education.