Industrial Composting of Commingled Municipal Solid Waste: A Case Study of Shiraz City, Iran

Composting is a preferable treatment option for putrescible waste disposal. In the small-scale composting, the control of the process is easy and high quality compost is usually produced while the conditions of industrial composting and small-scale composting are so different especially in developing country that municipal solid waste (MSW) is collected as commingled. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of information and experiences regarding the successful industrial composting from commingled municipal solid waste (CMSW). Therefore, this study was conducted on the compost production from CMSW in Shiraz City, Iran, with the composting capacity of 100 tonnes per day. The common process of windrow composting was modified for industrial composting in Shiraz City. The efficiency of the modified process was assessed using physical, chemical, and economic analyses. In addition, the maturity and stability of produced compost was evaluated using different indices such as fertilizing index (FI), clean index (CI), static respiration index (SRI), cumulative respiration index (CRI), and C-CO2 production index (C-CO2 Index). Finally, solutions and suggestions were presented to improve the system performance. Results showed that although the input putrescible waste to composting site has low homogeneity, produced compost in Shiraz City has a “good” quality. The produced compost with FI and CI of about 4.2 and 3.6, respectively, has high fertilizing potential and medium heavy metal content and can be sold without any restriction. Based on the economic analysis, poor marketing, strategies of bad marketing, lack of public awareness, and visible impurities, in spite of complying with the required standards, are the main reasons for the low sale price. The results of this study can be valuable for industrial composting in the cities where wastes are not separated at source.

PENGUKURAN PARAMETER KUALITAS UDARA (CO, NO2, SO2, O3 DAN PM10) DI BUKIT KOTOTABANG BERBASIS ISPU

Bukit Kototabang, West Sumatera is one of the 34 global global (Global scale) monitoring stations in the world. Bukit Kototabang GAW Station is an implementation of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program initiated by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as an effort to monitor global atmospheric conditions. The Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Stations have duty to obtain atmospheric data and air quality data in remote area or relatively clean areas and far away from anthropogenic activity. Measurements of air quality parameters (CO, NO2, SO2, O3 and PM10) are continuously conducted at Bukit Kototabang. The monitoring data at Bukit Kototabang GAW Station in 2012 which is converted to Indonesian Air Pollution Standard Index shows the air quality is still good, shown by 353 days classified as clean (index = 0-50), 10 days is moderate (index = 51-100), and 1 day is very unhealthy (index = 200-299). That means 3% of daily air quality in Bukit Kototabang in 2012 is not good.