MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRY OF SCAPULAE IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN K.M. MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, MATHURA (UP).

Introduction: The shoulder joint is the most important joint in the body and limitation of this joint movements affects the quality of life. Severe shoulder injury and glenohumeral arthritis causes shoulder dysfunction with devasting results, and to restore normal functions orthopaedic surgeon can perform total shoulder arthroplasty, or reverse shoulder prosthesis, or hemiarthroplasty.Lateral angle of the scapula becomes truncated and broadened and bears the glenoid cavity which articulates with the humerus in the shoulder joint. Shoulder joint is formed when the glenoid cavity is connected with the head of the humerus. This study was carried out to study the morphology and morphometry of the glenoid cavity as dimensions of the glenoid cavity are important in designing and fitting of glenoid components for total shoulder arthroplasty. Material and Methods: A total of 100 unpaired dry scapula were isolated from the department of Anatomy. Two groups were made according to the side of the scapula and were equally divided into 50 right and 50 left scapula each. Bones were segregated and inspected individually.To classifying shape of the glenoid fossa, presence or absence of a glenoid notch was used and were classified into 3 types, pear shaped or inverted comma shape in presence of a glenoid notch & oval in absence of notch. The pear shaped shows indistinct glenoid notch and the inverted comma shaped shows a distinct notch. Results: On the basis of presence or absence of the glenoid notch. 56%, 28% & 16% glenoid cavities of right side were pear shaped, inverted comma shaped and oval shaped respectively. On the left side 60%, 30% & 10%were pear shaped, inverted comma shaped and oval shaped respectively. In total 58% glenoid cavities were pear shaped, 29% were inverted comma shaped and 13% were oval shaped.Average length and breadth of scapulae included in this study was 134.07±13.87 mm and 98.43 ±9.58 mm respectively.Mean glenoid cavity index of right side was 48.12 to 86.87 %, while in left side it was 44.21 – 84.78%. Conclusion: The most common glenoid cavity was pear shaped followed by inverted comma shaped and the oval glenoid cavity. Mean glenoid cavity index of right side was 48.12 to 86.87 %, while in left side it was 44.21 – 84.78%.

Hemigrammus arua, a new species of characid (Characiformes: Characidae) from the lower Amazon, Brazil

A new Hemigrammus species is described from tributaries of the igarapé Juruti Grande and rio Arapiuns, lower rio Amazonas, Pará State, Brazil. The new species can be easily diagnosed from all its congeners, except from Hemigrammus stictus (Durbin), by possessing a single, large humeral spot which extends longitudinally from the fifth or sixth to the posterior margin of eighth to tenth, lateral line scales. It can be distinguished from Hemigrammus stictus by possessing a pronounced upper, anteriorly-oriented extension in the humeral blotch, conferring an inverted-comma shape to it, and by displaying a distinct life color pattern.