morphology and morphometry
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2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-165
Author(s):  
R Azhagiri ◽  
M Anitha ◽  
J Hemapriya ◽  
Ganesan Murugaperumal ◽  
G Sumathi

Background: The morphology and morphometry of the scapula and its glenoid fossa and acromion process play a significant role in the mechanics of shoulder joint. A variable morphology is found in glenoid fossa that has clinical implications. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the morphology and morphometry of dry scapula with emphasis on glenoid fossa and acromion process. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the department of anatomy, for a period of 6 months from January 2021 to June 2021. A total of 100 unpaired dry scapula were included in the study. The morphology and dimensions were measured. The dimensions were summarized as mean and standard deviation. Statistical analysis was done Chi-square test and student’s t-test based on the variable types. Results: Out of 100 scapulae studied, 48 were right sided and 52 were left sided. The mean of maximum length of the right scapula was 149.58±10.33 mm and the left side was 148.63±10.33 mm. Among the glenoid cavities, 54 were inverted comma shaped, 30 were pear shaped, and 16 were oval shaped. In one right-sided scapula Bony Spur Extends from Base of coracoid process to supra Scapular Notch. Conclusion: Size and shape of the glenoid cavity are directly related to the dislocation of shoulder joint and may affect the results of total shoulder arthroplasty and rotator cuff surgeries. The present study analyzed the morphological types and diameters of the glenoid cavity in adult scapulae to improve the efficacy and minimize the failure rates in shoulder arthroplasty particularly those involving the glenoid component of the shoulder joint.


SPERMOVA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-123
Author(s):  
Hernán Cucho ◽  
◽  
Olger Puelles ◽  
Aydee Meza ◽  
Darwin Urquizo ◽  
...  

The aim of the study was to determine the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the vicuña sperm (Vicugna vicugna), looking for possible subpopulations in its structure. Semen was collected by electroejaculation method from three adult male vicuñas weighing 50.33 ± 2.52 kg, once per animal. The volume, color and concentration, sperm morphology and morphometry were determined. The samples for the analysis of sperm morphology and morphometry were stained with Hemacolor®, and analyzed using the CASA-Morph, Integrated Semen Analysis System (ISAS®v1). Five forms of the vicuña sperm head were distinguished: normal, piriform, long, short and rounded. The morphometric parameters determined were the length, width, area, perimeter, ellipticity, elongation, regularity and rugosity of the vicuña sperm head, percentage of acrosome, head gray level, as well as the width, area, distance and angle of insertion of midpiece of the sperm. In relation to morphology, significant differences (P <0.05) were found in the percentage distribution of head shapes, with the normal shape (55.7%) being the majority and different from the other shapes. Significant differences (P <0.05) were found between animals in the morphometric variables of head, percentage of acrosome, ellipticity, rugosity, elongation and gray level; while the variables of the midpiece and regularity did not show differences (P> 0.05). The morphometric variables were distributed in four main components (PCA) called elongation, area, circularity and midpiece width, which explained 84.59% of the total variance. The cluster analysis determined five subpopulations (SP): SP1 grouped small cells of low length, width and area (18.8%); SP2 of sperm of large size, both in area and width of the head (17.38%); SP3 of rounded cells with high values of percentage of acrosome and head gray level (24.04%); SP4 of spermatozoa of intermediate size and elongated, with greater ellipticities and elongation (23.61%); and SP5 of cells of intermediate size and short, with low values of area and length (16.71%).


2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samson Taiwo Fakorede ◽  
Khalid Olajide Adekoya ◽  
Taiwo Peter Fasakin ◽  
Joshua Odubambo Odufisan ◽  
Bola Oboh

Abstract Background The human external ear is unique in every individual in terms of shape, size and dimension making it suitable in forensic anthropology for sex estimation and personal identification purposes. The study aimed to evaluate sexual dimorphism and ethnic specificity of the external ear in major Nigerian ethnic populations. Results There was variation in the morphological features of the external ear of the sampled subjects. The external ear features vary in the right and left ears in both sexes of the ethnic groups. All variables were statistically significant (p < 0.05) except ear width. Univariate discriminant function gave sex prediction accuracies between 56.4 and 57.3% for left and right ears, respectively. Population-specific sex prediction accuracy using stepwise discriminant analysis of left ear variables ranged 58–69.7% and 57.5–74.2% for right ear. Conclusion The ear parameters showed potential for sex estimation, but cannot be solely relied upon for personal identification.


Author(s):  
R Islam ◽  
N Sultana ◽  
U Ayman ◽  
A Akter ◽  
M Afrose ◽  
...  

Glucocorticoids (GCs) cause excess fat accumulation, which leads to fertility dysfunction in broilers. The study investigated alterations in the morphology and morphometry of the testes of broilers in response to GC and dexamethasone (DEX). Male day-old chicks were randomly divided into a control group and three experimental groups (E1, E2, and E3). The control group was fed a commercial broiler ration. The experimental groups were fed a commercial broiler ration containing GC (i.e. DEX 3, 5, and 7 mg/kg, respectively). The testes were collected and stained with haematoxylin and eosin to count the number of testicular seminiferous tubules. An increase in the seminiferous tubule count was initially seen, which declined as both the age of the broilers and the dose of DEX increased. Morphometric measurements, i.e., the testicular capsule thickness, seminiferous tubule diameter, and seminiferous epithelium height, were performed. The initial thickening of the testicular capsule was evident. There was a depletion of the interstitial (Leydig) cell population in the experimental groups with the age and increased with the dose advancement. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules and testicular capsule thickness remained upregulated in the treatment groups with the increased dose of DEX. The initial height of the seminiferous epithelium increased in the experimental groups of broilers. The study suggests that DEX greatly alters the morphological architecture of broiler testes; as a result, it could be said that DEX has the effect on the infertility of the broiler by affecting the morphology as well as the functionality of the testes.


Author(s):  
Karthika R. ◽  
Karthika R. ◽  
Karthika R. ◽  
Karthika R. ◽  
Karthika R. ◽  
...  

Coccidiosis is one of the most prevalent and economically important parasitic diseases caused by the infection with Eimeria species contributing to major economic losses of poultry industry worldwide. In this study, occurrence of Eimeria spp. in chicken reared under different management systems was studied. A total of 300 faecal samples from chicken were collected from six organised poultry farms and six backyard poultry units in and around Thrissur, Kerala. Out of this, 167 faecal samples were from organised farms and 133 from backyard poultry units. All the samples were artificially sporulated and examined for studying the oocysts morphology and morphometry. Out of 167 samples from organised farms 52 were found to be positive for Eimeria spp. while 61 out of 133 samples from backyard poultry were positive. The overall occurrence of Eimeria spp. in chicken from 12 different areas in and around Thrissur was 37.66 per cent (113/300). The species of Eimeria identified on morphological examination were E. tenella, E. necatrix and E. maxima. The occurrence rate of E. tenella was found to be significantly higher (46.01 %) compared to E. necatrix (39.82 %) and E. maxima (14.15 %). The rate of occurrence of Eimeria spp. infection was significantly higher in backyard poultry (45.86 %) compared to that in organised farms (31.13 %).


Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5040 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-506
Author(s):  
MAX KASPAREK

The subgenus Anthidium (Gulanthidium) is a species-poor group of similar species, which is distributed across the West Palaearctic, from Morocco in the west to central Asia in the east. Due to some incorrect species determinations in the literature, the taxonomic situation remains to be fully understood. The situation is reviewed with reference to a rich, still unpublished resource of material from throughout the range. Anthidium flavissimum sp. nov. is described from Afghanistan, A. preoccipitale sp. nov. from Iran, and A. occidentale sp. nov. from Morocco, based on a combination of colour, structural traits, genital morphology, and morphometry. The subgenus as treated here now comprises six species for which a key is presented. Some of the species are sympatric. Species of the subgenus Gulanthidium are very close to A. (Proanthidium) and it should be further examined as to whether these two subgenera should be better combined in a single subgenus.  


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Concepción Lora-Vilchis ◽  
Gopal Murugan ◽  
Francisco Omar López-Fuerte

AbstractIn diatoms the use of molecular tools to corroborate traditional (morphological) identification offers a new perspective in the field of biogeography. This manuscript reports the first record of the raphid pennate diatom Nitzschia volvendirostrata along the coast of Mexico, which in turn represents an expansion of the geographic range along the American continent. The cells were isolated from benthic samples taken from Balandra lagoon, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico and cultured as a monoclonal culture. Morphology and morphometry of the diatom obtained from light and electron microscopy reveal that they correspond to the original description of N. volvendirostrata and also its chloroplast sequences, rbcL and psbC, showed 98.7 to 100 % similarity and a close phylogenetic relationship with N. volvendirostrata. The reported places for this taxon show that it has a tropical-temperate biogeographical affinity.


Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 394
Author(s):  
Pushpalata Kayastha ◽  
Milena Roszkowska ◽  
Monika Mioduchowska ◽  
Magdalena Gawlak ◽  
Łukasz Kaczmarek

Two new tardigrade species from a moss sample collected in Canada, one representing Macrobiotus hufelandi complex and the second one belonging to the genus Bryodelphax, are described. Integrative analysis was undertaken based on morphological and morphometric data (using both light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) combined with multilocus molecular analysis (nuclear sequences, i.e., 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and ITS-2 as well as mitochondrial COI barcode sequences). Based on COI sequences, Macrobiotus birendrai sp. nov. is most similar to Mac. canaricus (p-distance 17%), whereas Bryodelphax mareki sp. nov. is most similar to Bry. parvulus (p-distance 16%). Both species differ also from their congeners in some morphological and morphometric characters of adults and/or details of egg chorion. Additionally, a large population of Mesobiotus skorackii was found in the sample and this is the first report of this species outside its terra typica in Kirghizia. The original description of this species was prepared based solely on the morphology and morphometry, therefore, here we provide updated data for this species enclosing morphometric and molecular data for the Canadian population.


Author(s):  
Nika Ugrin ◽  
Frane Škeljo ◽  
Josipa Ferri ◽  
Svjetlana Krstulović Šifner

Abstract Sagittal otolith morphology and otolith shape of two megrim species, Lepidorhombus boscii and Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis, were compared using descriptive morphological characters and Wavelet shape coefficients. Differences in otolith shape were examined by linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The first discriminant axis explained 66.6% of the variation between the groups, and the second axis 28.5%. Otolith classification based on LDA showed that in 79.5% of cases an otolith can be correctly classified based only on its shape. Relationships between otolith morphometric parameters (length and width) and fish size (total length) were described by fitting simple linear regression models. For L. boscii the highest positive correlation was found between right otolith width and total body length (R2 = 0.82), and for L. whiffiagonis between left otolith length and total body length (R2 = 0.39).


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Quevedo ◽  
Beatriz Sangalette ◽  
Ivna Lopes ◽  
João Vitor Shindo ◽  
Jesus Carlos Andreo ◽  
...  

Abstract Introduction: Anatomically, the incisive canals start on the nasal fossa floor, close to the septum, and open at the incisive foramen of the maxillary palatine process. The nasopalatine nerve passes through the incisive foramen as well as the septal artery and the sphenopalatine vein. Also, there may be accessory canals. Typically, the incisive foramen has two incisive canals. This work aimed to analyze the morphology and morphometry of the foramen and incisive canals in the macerated cephalic skeletons. Material and methods: For this purpose, we selected 150 samples of adult individuals, with no distinctions of sex and ethnicity. We analyzed the frequency of incisive canals in the foramen was analyzed as well the area, diameter, and communications of incisive canals with the fossa and nasal cavity. Results: The cephalic analysis results showed that most incisive foramina have at least two canals that communicate the nasal cavity with the oral cavity. The right-side canal had an average of 1.975mm² in area and 1.281mm in diameter. Also, the left-side canal had an average of 1.468mm² in area and 1.182mm in diameter. The average area and total diameter of the incisive foramen were 8.148mm² and 3.101mm, respectively.Conclusion: Hence, understanding anatomy and its variations is essential for clinical applications, as it may alter surgical technique and prognosis. Besides, it can be said all incisive canals have communication with the nasal cavity.


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