Prospect Theory for Human-Centric Communications

Entering the 5G/6G era, the core concept of human-centric communications has intensified the research effort into analytical frameworks for integrating technological and non-technological domains. Among non-technological domains, human behavioral, psychological, and socio-economic contexts are widely considered as indispensable elements for characterizing user experience (UE). In this study, we introduce the prospect theory as a promising methodology for modeling UE and perceptual measurements for human-centric communications. As the founding pillar of behavioral economics, the prospect theory proposes the non-linear quantity and probability perception of human psychology, which extends to five fundamental behavioral attributes that have profound implications for diverse disciplines. An example of applying the novel theoretic framework is also provided to illustrate how the prospect theory can be utilized to incorporate human factors and analyze human-centric communications. By expatiating on the prospect theoretic framework, we aim to provide a guideline for developing human-centric communications and articulate a novel interdisciplinary research area for further investigation.

A Theorem on Power Superposition in DC Networks

The superposition theorem, a particular case of the superposition principle, states that in a linear circuit with several voltage and current sources, the current and voltage for any element of the circuit is the algebraic sum of the currents and voltages produced by each source acting independently. The superposition theorem is not applicable to power, because it is a non-linear quantity. Therefore, the total power dissipated in a resistor must be calculated using the total current through (or the total voltage across) it. The theorem proposed and proved in this paper states that in a linear DC network consisting of resistors and independent voltage and current sources, the total power dissipated in the resistors of the network is the sum of the power supplied simultaneously by the voltage sources with the current sources replaced by open circuit, and the power supplied simultaneously by the current sources when the voltage sources are replaced by short-circuit. This means that the power is superimposed. The theorem can be used to simplify the power analysis of DC networks. The analysis results are validated via numerical examples.

A Theorem on Power Superposition in DC Networks

The superposition theorem, a particular case of the superposition principle, states that in a linear circuit with several voltage and current sources, the current and voltage for any element of the circuit is the algebraic sum of the currents and voltages produced by each source acting independently. The superposition theorem is not applicable to power, because it is a non-linear quantity. Therefore, the total power dissipated in a resistor must be calculated using the total current through (or the total voltage across) it. The theorem proposed and proved in this paper states that in a linear DC network consisting of resistors and independent voltage and current sources, the total power dissipated in the resistors of the network is the sum of the power supplied simultaneously by the voltage sources with the current sources replaced by open circuit, and the power supplied simultaneously by the current sources when the voltage sources are replaced by short-circuit. This means that the power is superimposed. The theorem can be used to simplify the power analysis of DC networks. The analysis results are validated via numerical examples.

Competition and Coordination in a Dual-Channel Supply Chain With Asymmetric Retailers

This article studies competition and coordination in a dual-channel supply chain where one supplier supplies homogeneous products to multiple asymmetric retailers, meanwhile, selling products to the end consumers acting as retailers, through a two-level Stackelberg game. This article first studies the asymmetry among the retailers in terms of the different characteristics of the cost, price, quantity. This article finds that a supplier's profits increase when the number of retailers are high enough in the retail market, even though the retail price of the retailers is lower than that of the supplier, or the wholesale price is cut down when there are many retailers competing in the retail market. On the other hand, under certain conditions, the efficiency of supply chain goes to 1. In this article, the authors show that some traditional contracts that can perfectly coordinate the single-channel supply chain, while failing to coordinate the dual-channel supply chain. Therefore, this article puts forth a linear quantity discount contract and first proves it can be applicable to the dual-channel supply chain with asymmetric retailers under a certain special condition where the lead retailer exits the retail market. The authors examine contracts which can reduce the loss of the efficiency, though they cannot completely coordinate a dual-channel supply chain.

Prospect Theory for Human-Centric Communications

<pre>Entering the 5G/6G era, the core concept of human-centric communications has intensified the search effort into analytical frameworks for integrating technological and non-technological domains. Among non-technological domains, human behavioral, psychological, and socio-economic contexts are widely considered as indispensable elements for characterizing user experience (UE). In this study, we introduce the prospect theory as a promising methodology for modeling UE and perceptual measurements for human-centric communications. As the founding pillar of behavioral economics, the prospect theory proposes the non-linear quantity and probability perception of human psychology, which extends to five fundamental behavioral attributes that have profound implications for diverse disciplines. By expatiating on the prospect theoretic framework, we aim to provide a guideline for developing human-centric communications and articulate a novel interdisciplinary research area for further investigation.</pre>

Prospect Theory for Human-Centric Communications

<pre>Entering the 5G/6G era, the core concept of human-centric communications has intensified the search effort into analytical frameworks for integrating technological and non-technological domains. Among non-technological domains, human behavioral, psychological, and socio-economic contexts are widely considered as indispensable elements for characterizing user experience (UE). In this study, we introduce the prospect theory as a promising methodology for modeling UE and perceptual measurements for human-centric communications. As the founding pillar of behavioral economics, the prospect theory proposes the non-linear quantity and probability perception of human psychology, which extends to five fundamental behavioral attributes that have profound implications for diverse disciplines. By expatiating on the prospect theoretic framework, we aim to provide a guideline for developing human-centric communications and articulate a novel interdisciplinary research area for further investigation.</pre>

Competition and Coordination in a Dual-Channel Supply Chain With Asymmetric Retailers

This article studies competition and coordination in a dual-channel supply chain where one supplier supplies homogeneous products to multiple asymmetric retailers, meanwhile, selling products to the end consumers acting as retailers, through a two-level Stackelberg game. This article first studies the asymmetry among the retailers in terms of the different characteristics of the cost, price, quantity. This article finds that a supplier's profits increase when the number of retailers are high enough in the retail market, even though the retail price of the retailers is lower than that of the supplier, or the wholesale price is cut down when there are many retailers competing in the retail market. On the other hand, under certain conditions, the efficiency of supply chain goes to 1. In this article, the authors show that some traditional contracts that can perfectly coordinate the single-channel supply chain, while failing to coordinate the dual-channel supply chain. Therefore, this article puts forth a linear quantity discount contract and first proves it can be applicable to the dual-channel supply chain with asymmetric retailers under a certain special condition where the lead retailer exits the retail market. The authors examine contracts which can reduce the loss of the efficiency, though they cannot completely coordinate a dual-channel supply chain.