Built Environment Determinants of Pedestrian Activities and Their Consideration in Urban Street Design

Pedestrian facilities have been regarded in urban street design as “leftover spaces” for years, but, currently, there is a growing interest in walking and improving the quality of street environments. Designing pedestrian facilities presents the challenge of simultaneously accommodating (1) pedestrians who want to move safely and comfortably from point A to B (movement function); as well as (2) users who wish to rest, communicate, shop, eat, and enjoy life in a pleasant environment (place function). The aims of this study are to provide an overview of how the task of designing pedestrian facilities is addressed in international guidance material for urban street design, to compare this with scientific evidence on determinants of pedestrian activities, and to finally develop recommendations for advancing provisions for pedestrians. The results show that urban street design guidance is well advanced in measuring space requirements for known volumes of moving pedestrians, but less in planning pleasant street environments that encourage pedestrian movement and place activities. A stronger linkage to scientific evidence could improve guidance materials and better support urban street designers in their ambition to provide safe, comfortable and attractive street spaces that invite people to walk and to stay.

Measuring space-time properties of baryon resonances around 1 GeV using intensity correlations

We measured the Δ(1232) radius using Bose-Einstein correlations (BEC) between two neutral pions from photo-production off a hydrogen/deuterium target at the incident photon energies around 1 GeV. The experiment was carried out at Research Center for Electron Photon Science (ELPH) in Tohoku University with a 4π electromagnetic calorimeter complex, named FOREST. For low-multiplicity BEC measurements, we developed an event mixing technique by introducing additional mixing constraints to delicately reduce the effect of other non-BEC correlations arising from global conservation law and resonance decays. In addition, a new BEC observing model was established to extract radius information from BEC effects in the presence of resonance decays.