From Internal to International Migration in Romania – Continuity and Spatial Differentiation

The study proposes a set of analyses on the evolution of the migration balance of Romania’s population over a wide time interval, fully covering the period dominated by the communist regime (1948-1989) and the last three decades marked by the transition to a market economy. The aim is to differentiate the typology of the time and space distribution of the mentioned indicator and to test a set of explanatory factors, for each of the two distinct periods. The typological and factor analyses applied led to results that largely confirm the hypothesis of a continuity between the massive internal migration during the communist regime and the more complex migration in recent decades. At the same time, the profound changes in the incidence of certain explanatory factors certify a complete restructuring of the migration system in Romania after 1990. The massive migration from rural to urban areas, brought about by positional or socio-economic factors, was gradually replaced after the fall of the communist regime by a strong labour emigration, an effect of deindustrialization. The stimulation of the periurbanization process, by changing the way of life, introduced new variables in the functioning of the migration system, in keeping with the specific evolutions of the contemporary era.

Vendian Island-Arc Intrusive Magmatism of the Lake Zone of Western Mongolia (Geological, Geochronological, and Petrochemical Data)

—Based on new geochronological data on gabbroid and plagiogranitoid associations (Tavan-Hayrhan, East Bayan Tsagaan, Bayan Tsagaan Uul, Tungalag, Three Hills, and Shutkhuin massifs) located among the Vendian island-arc volcanic complexes of the Lake Zone of Western Mongolia, an independent stage of Vendian island-arc intrusive magmatism (560–542 Ma) is substantiated. Geochronological ages determined by xenogenic zircon from Vendian gabbroids and granitoids (716–559 Ma) indicate a wide time interval of their formation and different natures of the sources. Several such sources are assumed. The source of the first type is rocks of the late Riphean oceanic crust of the Paleoasian Ocean, on which the Vendian island arc of the Lake Zone formed later. This is evidenced by the presence of xenogenic zircon with the ages of ~716, 658–642, 613–611 Ma. The source of the second (probably main) type is rocks of the Vendian island-arc crust of the Lake Zone. This is indicated by the presence of xenogenic zircon with ages of 583–559 Ma, observed in all studied Vendian intrusive associations.

Tautarian type (genesis and chronology)

The processes of assimilation and integration between the Andronov community cultures, in spite of the long history of the study, is still of interest, connected with a whole range of problematic issues, one of which is the addition and chronological position of the Tautarin type known from the monuments of Southern Kazakhstan. At the present time, new materials have been accumulated during the field studies, which have made it possible to significantly expand the characterization of the type and question its traditional chronology as well as to consider the composition components and orientation of intercultural ties in more details. Within the framework of this paper we have the results of the statistical analysis of the funeral rite and description of the objective world on the materials of 5 burial grounds (Tautary, Kiikty, Sherbay 1-3), which reflect the interaction of three population groups: Fedorov (guiding), Kozhumberdynsky and Central Asian. Concerning the issue of dating, it is necessary to revise the previously proposed timeframes that do not correspond to the level of modern knowledge on the subject matter under study and adopt a cautious but wide time interval - the first half of the 2nd millennium BC, which is based on comparison with the modern radiocarbon chronology of Fedorov culture, antiquities of the Kozhumberdynsky and Kulsay types, as well as by analogies of the pendants in the dated complex of the Kyzylbulak I burial ground.