scholarly journals From Internal to International Migration in Romania – Continuity and Spatial Differentiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-26
Author(s):  
Ionel Muntele ◽  
◽  
Raluca-Ioana Horea-Serban ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Space Distribution ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Migration System ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
New Variables ◽  
Wide Time Interval

The study proposes a set of analyses on the evolution of the migration balance of Romania’s population over a wide time interval, fully covering the period dominated by the communist regime (1948-1989) and the last three decades marked by the transition to a market economy. The aim is to differentiate the typology of the time and space distribution of the mentioned indicator and to test a set of explanatory factors, for each of the two distinct periods. The typological and factor analyses applied led to results that largely confirm the hypothesis of a continuity between the massive internal migration during the communist regime and the more complex migration in recent decades. At the same time, the profound changes in the incidence of certain explanatory factors certify a complete restructuring of the migration system in Romania after 1990. The massive migration from rural to urban areas, brought about by positional or socio-economic factors, was gradually replaced after the fall of the communist regime by a strong labour emigration, an effect of deindustrialization. The stimulation of the periurbanization process, by changing the way of life, introduced new variables in the functioning of the migration system, in keeping with the specific evolutions of the contemporary era.

scholarly journals Substantiation of Loading Hub Location for Electric Cargo Bikes Servicing City Areas with Restricted Traffic

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 839
Author(s):  
Vitalii Naumov
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Facility Location Problem ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Hub Location ◽  
Efficiency Criterion ◽  
Logistics Systems ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Total Transport ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
Python Programming

Electric cargo bicycles have become a popular mode of transport for last-mile goods deliveries under conditions of restricted traffic in urban areas. The indispensable elements of the cargo bike delivery systems are loading hubs: they serve as intermediate points between vans and bikes ensuring loading, storage, and e-vehicle charging operations. The choice of the loading hub location is one of the basic problems to be solved when designing city logistics systems that presume the use of electric bicycles. The paper proposes an approach to justifying the location of a loading hub based on computer simulations of the delivery process in the closed urban area under the condition of stochastic demand for transport services. The developed mathematical model considers consignees and loading hubs as vertices in the graph representing the transport network. A single request for transport services is described based on the set of numeric parameters, among which the most significant are the size of the consignment, its dimensions, and the time interval between the current and the previous requests for deliveries. The software implementation of the developed model in Python programming language was used to simulate the process of goods delivery by e-bikes for two cases—the synthetically generated rectangular network and the real-world case of the Old Town district in Krakow, Poland. The loading hub location was substantiated based on the simulation results from a set of alternative locations by using the minimum of the total transport work as the efficiency criterion. The obtained results differ from the loading hub locations chosen with the use of classical rectilinear and center-of-gravity methods to solve a simple facility location problem.

scholarly journals The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and its association with various risk factors in a tertiary care centre in West Bengal

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 780
Author(s):  
Anant Parasher ◽  
Kunal Ranjan
Keyword(s):  
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ◽  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Reflux Disease ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Past History ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Study Population

Background: Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER) is the regurgitation of gastric contents and acid into the esophagus. Frequent and abnormal amounts of reflux leads to Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) which causes symptoms like heartburn, regurgitation, and /or other complications. In view of absence of any data on the prevalence of GERD from this part of India, the current population based study was conducted to study the prevalence of GERD and its association with various risk factors.Methods: In this community based prospective cross-sectional observational study, 500 patients from rural and urban areas of West Bengal were included during the one year period from July 2014 to June 2015.Results: Out of a total of 500 patients studied, the percentage of patients with GERD in our study population was found to be 31.3%. Out of 292 males enrolled for the study, number of patients with GERD was 66 (22.6%) as compare to females where the same was found to be 43.26% (90/208). The majority (68.2%) of patients had mild GERD, 18.5% had moderate GERD whereas only 13.3% of patients had severe GERD.Conclusions: The percentage of patients with GERD in our study population was found to be 31.3%. It was observed to be significantly associated with increasing Body Mass Index (B.M.I), smoking, the female gender, a sedentary lifestyle, dinner to bed-time interval of ≤2 hours, chronic NSAID use, and a past history of abdominal surgery.

Development, Prosperity and Aspirations: A Narrative from the Peri-Urban Areas of Noida

2021 ◽  
pp. 232102492110514
Author(s):  
Bhawna Bali ◽  
Neha Bhatia
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Agrarian Economy ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
The Cost

Urban development at city periphery as a unique process of urbanisation, manifests in distinctive spatial and socio-economic characteristics. The emergence of settlement types—an admixture of rural and urban characteristics—functionally transient between agrarian and non-agrarian economy with pervasive change in land uses and attendant livelihood sources, retreating mode of rural social norms and advancing urban way of life are remarkably obvious in peri-urban landscape of large Indian cities. The resultant socio-economic challenges for peri-urban inhabitants often create chasm between promised development agenda and their aspirations. Delving into the socio-economic transformations on account of land appropriation by the State government for urban and industrial development and ramifications of land negotiations in five peri-urban villages of Noida—this study reveals the discordant side of urbanisation benefitting urban at the cost of rural, and administrative processes which remain oblivious to the aspirations of those whose lands provided the grounds of this development agenda.

scholarly journals Persistency of Chlorpyrifos and Termiban (Imidacloprid) in soil against subterranean termites

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hassan ◽  
S. Ahmed ◽  
M.A. Ejaz
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Different Types

Subterranean termites are considered to be one of the most destructive termites in urban areas in Pakistan. Different types of insecticides have been used to control subterranean termites. The present studies were conducted to evaluate the comparative persistency and effectiveness of Termiban (imidacloprid 5 SC) and Chlorpyrifos (40 EC) against subterranean termites in the three type of soils (sand, silt and clay) at different time interval. Two different concentrations (100 and 200 ppm) of selected insecticides were prepared and applied to soil in petri plates and termite were released at different time interval to record mortality. Results showed that at each time interval and concentration, mortality of termite was non-significantly different for both insecticides. When persistency of insecticides was tested under closed condition, results showed that lowest weight loss (8.60%) of wood was observed in Termiban treated soil at 200 ppm which was significant different from rest of the treatments. Similarly, under open conditions, at each time interval, there was significant more mortality of termites in soil treated with Termiban compared to Chlorpyrifos.

scholarly journals Design of a Development Index for Spanish Municipalities

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 8910
Author(s):  
Ana Nieto Masot ◽  
Gema Cárdenas Alonso ◽  
Ángela Engelmo Moriche
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Diversity ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Variables

Currently, the demographic vacuum and poor development suffered by most areas of Spain are some of the most worrying issues from a territorial point of view, which is why this study is necessary. In this paper, the objective is to create a Development Index with which to study the different realities of rural and urban spaces through demographic and socioeconomic variables of the Spanish municipalities. Principal Component Analysis is carried out, with whose results the index has been prepared. This is then explored with a Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis. The results show that most developed Spanish municipalities and most of the population are concentrated in coastal areas and in the main cities of the country. In opposition, there are interior rural areas with less developed municipalities at risk of disappearance due to their increasing ages and levels of depopulation. Thus, in this paper, new variables and methods are used in the study of the social and economic diversity of rural and urban areas, verifying the inequality that still exists between both.

Voices in Rural Special Education: Retrospectives, Prospectives, Possibilities

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry R. Berkeley ◽  
Kay S. Bull
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Professional School ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
City Life ◽  
Rural Schooling ◽  
The One

There is a richness of history, tradition, customs, and lore about rural America and rural schooling. Education in rural locales has had a significant and positive impact on education in suburban and urban areas. The same can be related about rural special education. In this article, retrospective views of the past and prospective thoughts about the future in the mix that occurs in rural education and rural special education were joined as voices to celebrate the successes and challenges confronting professional school people as they go about their daily work with students with disabilities in integrated settings and in separate classrooms. Teaching, working, writing, and living in a rural locale either for part of one's life or for all of one's life adds a degree of realism and practicality no matter how much one can be influenced by city life. In particular, for the one author while in the city, I always feel that I am from away, and while in New Hampshire, the country, I never feel that I am here enough. For both of the authors of this article, rural roots, deep or not as firm, color our appreciation and caring for a way of life too few people speak about and too few other people know about. It is in this spirit that we hope these thoughts are considered.

scholarly journals Sentinel-1 Data for Underground Processes Recognition in Bucharest City, Romania

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4054
Author(s):  
Alina Radutu ◽  
Guri Venvik ◽  
Traian Ghibus ◽  
Constantin Radu Gogu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dynamic Instability ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Urban Groundwater ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Persistent Scatterer Interferometry ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Urban Planning And Design ◽  
Bucharest City

Urban areas are strongly influenced by the different processes affecting the underground and implicitly the terrestrial surface. Land subsidence can be one of the effects of the urban processes. The identification of the vulnerable areas of the city, prone to subsidence, can be of great help for a sustainable urban planning. Using Sentinel-1 data, by the PSI (persistent scatterer interferometry) technique, a vertical displacements map of Bucharest city has been prepared. It covers the time interval 2014–2018. Based on this map, several subsidence areas have been identified. One of them, holding a thick layer of debris from urban constructions, was analyzed in detail, on the basis of an accurate local geological model and by correlating the local displacements with the urban groundwater system hydraulic heads. The properties of the anthropogenic layer have been characterized by complementary geotechnical and hydrogeological studies. A dynamic instability pattern, highlighted by PSI results, has been put into evidence when related to this type of anthropogenic layer. This thick anthropogenic layer and its connections to the urban aquifer system have to be further analyzed, when the procedures of urban planning and design invoke constructive operations modifying the aquifer dynamics.

scholarly journals Urbanization and market integration have strong, nonlinear effects on cardiometabolic health in the Turkana

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (43) ◽  
pp. eabb1430
Author(s):  
Amanda J. Lea ◽  
Dino Martins ◽  
Joseph Kamau ◽  
Michael Gurven ◽  
Julien F. Ayroles
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Nonlinear Effects ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Subsistence Level ◽  
Refined Carbohydrates

The “mismatch” between evolved human physiology and Western lifestyles is thought to explain the current epidemic of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in industrialized societies. However, this hypothesis has been difficult to test because few populations concurrently span ancestral and modern lifestyles. To address this gap, we collected interview and biomarker data from individuals of Turkana ancestry who practice subsistence-level, nomadic pastoralism (the ancestral way of life for this group), as well as individuals who no longer practice pastoralism and live in urban areas. We found that Turkana who move to cities exhibit poor cardiometabolic health, partially because of a shift toward “Western diets” high in refined carbohydrates. We also show that being born in an urban area independently predicts adult health, such that life-long city dwellers will experience the greatest CVD risk. By focusing on a substantial lifestyle gradient, our work thus informs the timing, magnitude, and evolutionary causes of CVD.

Urban Development and Civic Community: A Comparative Analysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
David McKay
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Central City ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Economic Market ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Civic Community

This article attempts to explain why it is that in spite of being exposed to similar economic and social forces, cities in Europe and the United States have followed distinctive patterns of development. In continental Europe core urban areas have remained relatively resilient compared with equivalent areas in Britain and the United States. While economic and demographic factors are important explanatory factors, they cannot account for all of the important differences characteristic of the three urban systems, whether measured in quantitative or qualitative terms. It is argued that Continental cities are better protected because of a long-established elite commitment to specific urban areas which has its roots in the development of the modern state. This commitment is labelled ‘civic community’ which finds political expression through complex representational networks at the local, regional and national levels. In Britain no equivalent networks exist and civic community is low. As a result, elites have little commitment to core urban areas. In the United States, complex representational networks do exist, but they are not linked to a historically established elite commitment to core city areas. Instead, the economic market place determines the fortunes of central cities. It is concluded that these contrasting paths of development place considerable constraints on public policies designed to regenerate central city areas.

LANDSLIDE INVESTIGATION ASPECTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Todorov ◽  
Mihail Todorov ◽  
Georgi Kamenarov
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Landslide Processes ◽  
Complex Engineering ◽  
Engineering Investigation ◽  
River Valleys

Landslide processes are a distinct phenomenon with a huge impact on human way of life. Those gravitational movements in the upper layers of the crust can have a dramatic effect in river valleys, coastal regions and mountainous terrains. The reasons for their existence and development lie in naturally occurring processes in the lithosphere and the atmosphere and large-scale human activity. Investigating various natural and anthropogenic phenomena is vital, with attention to climate change processes. In the report of the European Commission (2012) an alarming level of erosion and abrasion is observed, with more than 630 000 areas with landslide processes. According to MRRB in Bulgaria there are near 2000 zones with active movements. The current investigation focuses on a fragment of the Bulgarian coast prone to landslide that was researched in 2017. The first registered movements date back to 2010. Characterizing for this case is the relatively quick developments of the movements, which affect urban areas. This publication revolves around a complex engineering investigation, which provides an understanding how and why activation processes in the researched zone form, while using well-known proven methods. The used techniques for investigation focus on usability issues, as well as on the opportunity to corelate different sets of data, gather important information and reinforce it with monitoring. The focus here is on these three combined steps: information, prediction, monitoring.

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